Performance Appraisal Essay Example for Free

Performance Appraisal Essay A performance appraisal is a systematic and periodic process that assesses an individual employee’s job performance and productivity in relation to certain pre-established criteria and organizational objectives. Historically, performance Appraisal has been conducted annually (long-cycle appraisals), however many companies are moving towards shorter cycles (every six months, every quarter), and some have been moving into short-cycle (weekly, bi-weekly) appraisals. PA is often included in performance management systems. PA helps the subordinate answer two key questions; first, What are your expectations of me? second, How am I doing to meet your expectations? Performance management systems are employed â€Å"to manage and align all of an organizations resources in order to achieve highest possible performance. How performance is managed in an organization determines to a large extent the success or failure of the organization. Therefore, improving PA for everyone should be among the highest priorities of contemporary organizations. A central reason for the utilization of performance appraisals is performance improvement initially at the level of the individual employee, and ultimately at the level of the organization. Other fundamental reasons include â€Å"as a basis for employment decisions (e. g. promotions, terminations, transfers), as criteria in research (e. g. test validation), to aid with communication to establish personal objectives for training programs, for transmission of objective feedback for personal development as a means of documentation to aid in keeping track of decisions and legal requirements and in wage and salary administration. Additionally, PAs can aid in the formulation of job criteria and selection of individuals â€Å"who are best suited to perform the required organizational tasks†. A PA can be part of guiding and monitoring employee career development. PAs can also be used to aid in work motivation through the use of reward systems. The latest mantra being followed by organizations across the world being – get paid according to what you contribute – the focus of the organizations is turning to performance management and specifically to individual performance. If the process of performance appraisals is formal and properly structured, it helps the employees to clearly understand their roles and responsibilities and give direction to the individual’s performance. Potential benefits  PAs can benefit an organization’s effectiveness. One way is PAs can often lead to giving individual workers feedback about their job performance. From this may spawn several potential benefits such as the individual workers becoming more productivity. Other potential benefits include: * Facilitation of communication: communication in organizations is considered an essential function of worker motivation. It has been proposed that feedback from PAs aid in minimizing employees’ perceptions of uncertainty. Fundamentally, feedback and management-employee communication can serve as a guide in job performance. Enhancement of employee focus through promoting trust: behaviors, thoughts, or issues may distract employees from their work, and trust issues may be among these distracting factors. Such factors that consume psychological energy can lower job performance and cause workers to lose sight of organizational goals. Properly constructed and utilized PAs have the ability to lower distracting factors and encourage trust within the organization. * Goal setting and desired performance: PAs provide room for discussion in the collaboration of these individual and organizational goals. Collaboration can also be advantageous by resulting in employee acceptance and satisfaction of appraisal results. * Performance improvement: well constructed PAs can be valuable tools for communication with employees as pertaining to how their job performance stands with organizational expectations. â€Å"At the organizational level, numerous studies have reported positive relationships between human resource management (HRM) practices and performance improvement at both the individual and organizational levels. Determination of training needs: PAs can especially be instrumental for identifying training needs of new employees. Finally, PAs can help in the establishment and supervision of employees’ career goals. Potential complications Despite all the potential advantages of formal performance appraisals (PAs), there are also potential drawbacks they are: * Detrimental to quality improvement: it has been proposed that the use of PA systems in organizations adversely affect or ganizations’ pursuits of quality performance. It is believed by some scholars and practitioners that the use of PAs is more than unnecessary if there is total quality management. * Negative perceptions: â€Å"Quite often, individuals have negative perceptions of PAs†. Receiving or the anticipation of receiving a PA can be uncomfortable and distressful and potentially cause â€Å"tension between supervisors and subordinates†. If the person being appraised does not trust their employer, appraiser or believe that they will benefit from the process it may become a tick box exercise. Errors: PAs should provide accurate and relevant ratings of an employee’s performance as compared to pre-established criteria/goals Nevertheless, supervisors will sometimes rate employees more favorably than that of their true performance in order to please the employees and avoid conflict. * Legal issues: when PAs are not carried out appropriately, legal issues could result that place the organization at risk. PAs are used in organi zational disciplinary programs as well as for promotional decisions within the organization. The improper application and utilization of PAs can affect employees negatively and lead to legal action against the organization. The most significant reasons of using Performance appraisal are: * Making payroll and compensation decisions * Training and development needs * Identifying the gaps in desired and actual performance and its cause * Deciding future goals and course of action * Promotions, demotions and transfers * Other purposes (including job analysis and providing superior support, assistance and counseling) Human resource management performance management Human resource management (HRM) conducts performance management. Performance management systems consist of the activities and processes embraced by an organization in anticipation of improving employee performance, and therefore, organizational performance. Consequently, performance management is conducted at the organizational level and the individual level. At the organizational level, performance management oversees organizational performance and compares present performance with organizational performance goals. The achievement of these organizational performance goals depends on the performance of the individual organizational members. Therefore, easuring individual employee performance can prove to be a valuable performance management process for the purposes of HRM and for the organization. Many researchers would argue that â€Å"performance appraisal is one of the most important processes in Human Resource Management†. Methods of collecting data There are three main methods used to collect performance appraisal (PA) data they are Objective production The objective production method consists of direct, but limited, measures such as sales figures, production numbers, the electronic performance monitoring of data entry workers, etc. 6] The measures used to appraise performance would depend on the job and its duties. Personnel The personnel method is the recording of withdrawal behaviors (i. e. absenteeism, accidents). Most organizations consider unexcused absences to be indicators of poor job performance, even with all other factors being equal; however, this is subject to criterion deficiency. The quantity of an employee’s absences does not reflect how dedicated he/she may be to the job and its duties. Especially for blue-collar jobs, accidents can often be a useful indicator of poor job performance, but this is also subject to criterion contamination because situational factors also contribute to accidents. Judgmental evaluation Judgmental evaluation appears to be a collection of methods, and as such, could be considered a methodology. Judgmental evaluations are the most commonly used with a large variety of evaluation methods The main methods used in judgmental performance appraisal are: * Graphic Rating Scale: Graphic rating scales are the most commonly used system in PA. On several different factors, subordinates are judged on how much of that factor or trait they possess. Typically, the raters use a 5- or 7-point scale; however, there are as many as 20-point scales. * Employee-Comparison Methods: rather than subordinates being judged against pre-established criteria, they are compared with one another. This method eliminates central tendency and errors. The rank-order method has raters ranking subordinates from â€Å"best† to â€Å"worst†, but how truly good or bad one is on a performance dimension would be unknown. The paired-comparison method requires the rater to select the two best subordinates out of a group on each dimension then rank individuals according to the number of times each subordinate was selected as one of the best. * Behavioral Checklists and Scales: behaviors are more definite than traits. The critical incidents method concerns â€Å"specific behaviors indicative of good or bad job performance†. Supervisors record behaviors of what they judge to be job performance relevant, and they keep a running tally of good and bad behaviors. Performance appraisal interviews The performance appraisal (PA) interview is typically the final step of the appraisal process. The interview is held between the subordinate and supervisor. The PA interview can be considered of great significance to an organization’s PA system. It is most advantageous when both the superior and subordinate participate in the interview discussion and establish goals together. Three factors consistently contribute to effective PA interviews: the supervisor’s knowledge of the subordinate’s job and performance in it, the supervisor’s support of the subordinate, and a welcoming of the subordinate’s participation.

Significance of Dying and Death in To Build a Fire :: Build Fire Essays

Significance of â€Å"Dying† and â€Å"Death† in "To Build a Fire" The significance of the words "dying and death" in Jack London's 1910 novel, "To Build a Fire" continuously expresses the man's dwindling warmth and bad luck in his journey along the Yukon trail to meet "the boys" at camp. London associates dying with the man's diminishing ability to stay warm in the frigid Alaskan climate. The main characters predicament slowly worsens one level at a time finally resulting in death. The narrator informs the reader "the man" lacks personal experience travelling in the Yukon terrain. The old-timer warned the man about the harsh realities of the Klondike. The confident main character thinks of the old-timer at Sulphur Creek as "womanish." Along the trail, "the man" falls into a hidden spring and attempts to build a fire to dry his socks and warm himself. With his wet feet quickly growing numb, he realizes he has only one chance to successfully build a fire or face the harsh realities of the Yukon at one-hundred nine degrees below freezing. Falling snow from a tree blots out the fire and the character realizes "he had just heard his own sentence of death." Jack London introduces death to the reader in this scene. The man realizes "a second fire must be built without fail." The man's mind begins to run wild with thoughts of insecurity and death when the second fire fails. He recollects the story of a man who kills a steer to stay warm and envisions himself killing his dog and crawling into the carcass to warm up so he can build a fire to save himself. London writes, "a certain fear of death, dull and oppressive, came to him." As the man slowly freezes, he realizes he is in serious trouble and can no longer make excuses for himself. Acknowledging he "would never get to the camp and would soon be stiff and dead," he tries to clear this morbid thought from his mind by running down the trail in a last ditch effort to pump blood through his extremities. The climax of the story describes "the man" picturing "his body completely frozen on the trail." He falls into the snow thinking, "he is bound to freeze anyway and freezing was not as bad as people thought. There were a lot worse ways to die." The man drowsed off into "the most comfortable and

New York Incineration Case Study

The way in which New York City (NYC) manages its waste is dominantly based upon landfill. Though this is not the best solution is sparks controversy throughout Staten Island where the waste is ‘dumped' as many claim. Why is this so? NYC has a problem with managing its waste as NYC alone creates 26,000 tons of waste per day half of which is commercial and the remainder is residential. Nevertheless, private companies collect commercial waste leaving residential waste to NYC's department of Sanitation. The sole destination for 13,000tons of residential waste is the Fresh Kills Landfill on Staten Island. The highest mound is 180feet high, twenty inches higher than the statue of liberty! The Fresh Kills Landfill site on the Western side of The Staten Island is the -only- landfill site that remains open. It has served NYC for over half a century it was due to close on the 31st December 2001. It received 12-14,000 tons of solid household waste per day, by a barge from four other boroughs. The key problem with it is that it only has 5% of the city's population and on top of that it is the smallest place. Though not everything about Staten Island is a negative; this could be because the garbage industry provides economic development, jobs and increased spending power follow. To operate the landfill site requires 500 employees whose jobs range from crane and tractor operators to chemists and geologists. Although the daily volume of waste is high there has been a decrease in waste; it has fallen from 21,200tons per day in 1986 to 13,000tons per day in 1995. You can read also Costco Case Study Fresh Kills Landfill site attempts every precaution to ensure that it is environmentally friendly. It does it by following these simple steps: > Monitoring System – Allows checks to be made of the build-up of the landfill gas, as well as the effects of operation on ground and surface water supplies. And landfill slope stability is examined regularly. > Litter Prevention – The barges are covered with nets during transport, while booms contain litter around the waters of the landfill site. Fences around the perimeter of the operation have the same effect on the island. > Landscaping – Ecologists are working to introduce native plant varieties tolerant of the conditions in an attempt to establish the area as a wildlife habitat. > Leachate Treatment Plant – To prevent percolating rainwater from becoming contaminated the plant removes pollutants prior to the water being returned to the waterways. > Construction Debris Recycling Area – Processes 750tons per day of debris, e.g. concrete, asphalt and soil. Steel is extracted from the process and sold for recycling. The product is used to construct the roads throughout the landfill site. > Composting Facility – Garden waste is collected and turned into compost. It is used in the landscaping process around the site. It is also made available to the public free of charge. > Landfill Gas Recovery – Consisting of primarily methane and carbon dioxide, landfill gas is collected and customized at the facility onsite. The methane is purified into pipeline quality gas, which is then sold to a local company. Nevertheless space is limited and a two decade estimate has been put on the Fresh Kills site meaning that a more long-term approach to wasted handling will have to be in effect. Managing waste in the future In spite of predictions in 1996 that the Fresh Kills Landfill site could operate for another two decades, Mayor Guiliani announced the closure of the site in 2001. He proposed that there had to be a new approach in dealing with the City's waste, and he publicised the creation of a task force on the Fresh Kills closure. Five recommendations were put forward: * Increasing Recycling * Promoting waste reduction * Encouraging waste prevention * Refusing the exportation of waste elsewhere * Supporting education about waste and recycling Now there is a recycling drive throughout the City which now means that every household is part of the Curbside Program, where waste for recycling is collected from the roadside. A contracted was negotiated with Visy Paper (NY) Inc., who constructed and now operates a $150million recycled paper mill on Staten Island. It is the largest manufacturing project in NYC in 50years. It employed 1,000people during construction and now has a labour force of 115. Also, NYC's mayor has pledged to not build or renovate any incinerators in the city. But then again, there are still problems because what is proposed of the commercial waste which accounts for the other half? After 2001, it will be recycling waste prevention and waste reduction schemes as good as they all may be, is it really probable that they will be able to ‘absorb' 13,000tons of waste on a daily basis? One person who is not convinced is the state Governor of Pennsylvania, Tom Ridge. Garbage Importers & Exporters The state of Virginia is a number two importer after Pennsylvania, with NYC accounting for 60% of Virginia's imports. A survey by Virginia Commonwealth University found that 87% of people were keen to limit garbage imports with only 9% opposing. Mainly the ones opposing argued that there would be a loss of revenue and would hurt communities where garbage is a big business. With imports totalling 4million tons per year there is hardly†¦

Roles Of Policing Executives Using The Mintzberg Model Of...

When it comes to the Department of Justice, there are four agencies and each have major functions within them that hold great responsibility. The Uniform Crime Reports (UCR) and the National Crime Information Center (NCIC) have purposes and various weaknesses in relations to one another. There are major roles of policing executives using the Mintzberg model of chief executive officers. There are certain keys that are important toward a chief executive officer’s success. There are two legislative enactments that are effective when it comes to helping combat terrorism. There are problems when determining the actual numbers of hate crimes and what makes hate crimes different from other crimes. Department of Justice has four agencies that have major functions within them that hold great responsibility. These four agencies consist of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives (ATF), Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA), and the United States Marshals Service (USMS). There are three major roles that the FBI has. The first role is to use counterterrorism, which neutralize any terroristic acts and dismantling any terroristic networking systems. Secondly, there is counterintelligence that prevents any investigations on intelligence activities that occur on U.S soil. Lastly, there is foreign espionage which is spying on the government especially in regards to military, and economics (Peak, 2014 p.265). The FBI analyzesShow MoreRelatedExploring Corporate Strategy - Case164366 Words   |  658 PagesECS8C_C01.qxd 22/10/2007 11:54 Page 597 CASE STUDIES ECS8C_C01.qxd 22/10/2007 11:54 Page 598 ECS8C_C01.qxd 22/10/2007 11:54 Page 599 Guide to using the case studies The main text of this book includes 87 short illustrations and 15 case examples which have been chosen to enlarge speciï ¬ c issues in the text and/or provide practical examples of how business and public sector organisations are managing strategic issues. The case studies which follow allow theRead MoreBackground Inditex, One of the Worlds Largest Fashion Distributors, Has Eight Major Sales Formats - Zara, Pull and Bear, Massimo Dutti, Bershka, Stradivarius, Oysho, Zara Home Y Kiddys Class- with 3.147 Stores in 70100262 Words   |  402 Pagesthe course of my PhD. If it had not been for you, well lets face it I would have finished this thing a lot sooner, but you fill my heart with laughter and my days with love and I am grateful for every moment. Beatrice Kogg Lund, January 2009 Executive summary Background and purpose of the thesis The issues that stakeholders today are bringing to the corporate agenda are diverse indeed, ranging from issues pertaining to environmental sustainability, human rights, workers’ health and safety, community

A Few Minerals That Contain Pyroxene

Public High School Reform Public School - 2137 Words

Public High School Reform Let s get straight to the point, American public school s are failing, and although the solutions to their many problems aren’t entirely implicit, remedial endeavors have been lackluster at best. In fact, According to PISA(Program for International Student Assessment), a recent international academic assessment, American students are significantly falling behind their international counterparts in math, reading, science, and have sunk to the 36th spot in the international ranking (Coleman 2013). This problem, however, is one that has persisted for several decades, so it should be no surprise that American public schools are struggling. What is surprising, is that this is the case despite the fact that â€Å"primary and secondary education accounts for 20 percent of state general fund expenditures, making it the second largest component of state spending behind Medicaid† (SBS 2014). When discussing the causes for these disappointing statistics, some may be quick to blame the teachers or focus most of their attention on only one or two issues, when in reality there are several problems with U.S.A s school system; All of which need to be addressed with individual solutions. From oversized classes, to low standards for student success, impersonal teaching methods/curriculum, and detrimental programs like No Child Left Behind, the problems with American public schools are quite extensive, so fixing them wont exactly be easy. Since many of the problemsShow MoreRelatedPrivate Education in Comparison to Public Education Essay1212 Words   |  5 Pagesattended a private high school or some form of private schooling, what if I were to tell you that the number of private schools in America are decreasing as well as their enrollment? B. Thesis: Environment plays a role in our learning, and the environment found in private schools are much better when compared with public schools. C. Reason to listen: We are all students. And education past, present, and future has an impact on us all. In our future when it comes time to choosing schools for our kidsRead MoreAmerican Schools Are Failing For Minority Students1025 Words   |  5 PagesAmerican schools are failing is not a new one, but it is an idea that is extremely widespread. There are constant news reports claiming that our schools are worse than ever and Congress has passed extensive legislation such as No Child Left behind in an attempt to fix the American educational system. Some people believe that American schools are not completely failing, but only failing for minority students. Reforms like mandatory busing, vouchers, charter schools, accountability, and high-stakes testingRead MoreEssay on America’s Children Deserve Charter Schools1544 Words   |  7 PagesAmerica’s education is failing, and serious reform is needed. The topic of education has been in the forefront over the last few decades. Many, including politicians have attempted to tackle what seemed to be a hopeless situation. With all the corruption and bureaucracy within the system, it is unlikely that this problem will be resolved anytime soon. However, there is hope amidst all this, and that is charter schools. Charter schools impact education by having passionate teachers who truly careRead MoreThe Corporate Side Of American Public Education And The Reformists Misled Beliefs That The School System1389 Words   |  6 PagesDiane Ravitch explores the corporate side of American public education and the reformists’ misled beliefs that the school system is in crisis. The school reforms in place are disguised as a means of improving public education, when in reality it has become an objective to â€Å"replace public education with a privately managed, free-market system of schooling† (Ravitch, p.4). Diane Ravitch supports her claim that the reformation movement has poor intentions with m ultiple sources of evidence. AmongRead More Government-Funded Independent Schools Essays1729 Words   |  7 PagesAn analysis of charter schools – government-funded independent schools that offer either a special theme or are required to meet a particular performance indicator (Davies Guppy, 2006) – as an alternative to mainstream public education reveals that charter schools should be notnot be supported for several reasons. First, in terms of academic performance, there is little evidence that charter school students fare better than public school students (Murphy, 2003). Second, as new providers of educationRead MoreCommon Core Not for the Common Good1065 Words   |  5 Pagesonce you look closer it is not. I believe that we definitely need serious improvement in the US educational system; but Common Core is not the answer. We as citizens, whether we have children in the school system or not should not allow for implementation of this curriculum in our states an d in our schools. Common Core infringes on the US Constitution, it has serious growing opposition from many educators and parents that it is worse than the current curriculums that many states already have in placeRead MoreSchool Voucher Program Should Be Abolished1727 Words   |  7 Pages I propose a school voucher program that would be widespread throughout the state of Connecticut with special consideration to the Hartford school district. Each student in the state will receive a voucher equivalent to 65 percent of the per-pupil cost of the public school in their district. The remaining 35 percent of spending would remain with the school to pay for fixed-costs (with a few exceptions). School who take in out of district would receive the money that follows the child. For exampleRead MoreAnalysis Of The Movie Waiting For Superman 1186 Words   |  5 Pagesplaguing American schools all over the country today. This film makes it clear this problem hits hardest in the poorest com munities of the country, he does make it clear though that it can happen in rich communities and suburbs.. The filmmakers attack all political parties and belief systems. The movie looks at many things , the funding of schools, how supplies are distributed to schools, how teachers are picked and monitored, teachers unions, different styles schools within the school districts, privateRead MoreEducation In Education1314 Words   |  6 Pageshas created one of the leading school systems in the world when measuring 15-year-olds for math, reading, and science skills (Program for International Student Assessment). When compared to the United States, the overwhelming difference in intelligence of teenagers between the two countries begs to question if our learning styles work well. If the U.S. can learn and execute decisions in the Department of Education to make it similar to Finland, then public schools will excel. Unfortunately, teachersRead MoreChildren And Youth Of Prince George s County847 Words   |  4 Pagesof this action was the quality of education in the public school system, declined which cause many affluent black families to turn away from the public school system. Summary of case/describe the particular: â€Å"Experts say the trend in Prince George’s is similar to what has happened in other large school systems that have struggled academically: The loss of middle-class families has led to a higher percentage of poor students using the public school system, less local accountability and waning community

International Education Governance Internal Performance Management

Questions: 1.1 Summarise entitlement and provision for early years education1.2 Explain the characteristics of the different types of schools in relation to educational stage(s) and school governance1.3 Explain the post 16 options for young people and adults2.1 Explain the strategic purpose of:a) school governors2.1 Explain the strategic purpose of:b) senior management team2.1 Explain the strategic purpose of:c) other statutory roles e.g. SENCO2.1 Explain the strategic purpose of:d) teachers2.1 Explain the strategic purpose of:e) support staff roles2.2 Explain the roles of external professionals who may work with a school e.g. educational psychologist3.1 Explain how the ethos, mission, aims and values of a school may be reflected in working practices3.2 Evaluate methods of communicating a schools ethos, mission, aims and values4.1 Summarise the laws and codes of practice affecting work in schools4.2 Explain how legislation affects how schools work4.3 Explain the roles of regulatory bodies relev ant to the education sector which exist to monitor and enforce the legislative framework, including:a) general bodies such as the Health and SafetyExecutive4.3 Explain the roles of regulatory bodies relevant to the education sector which exist to monitor and enforce the legislative framework, including:b) school specific regulatory bodies5.1 Explain why schools have policies and procedures5.2 Summarise the policies and procedures schools may have relating to:a) staff5.2 Summarise the policies and procedures schools may have relating to:b) pupil welfare5.2 Summarise the policies and procedures schools may have relating to:c) teaching and learning5.2 Summarise the policies and procedures schools may have relating to:d) equality, diversity and inclusion5.2 Summarise the policies and procedures schools may have relating to:e) parental engagement5.3 Evaluate how school policies and procedures may be developed and communicated6.1 Summarise the roles and responsibilities of national and lo cal government for education policy and practice6.2 Explain the role of schools in national policies relating to children, young people and families6.3 Explain the roles of other organisations working with children and young people and how these may impact on the work of schools. Answers: 1.1 Summarise entitlement and provision for early years education In the UK, education is covered in five stages, which includes early years, primary, secondary, Further Education (FE) and Higher Education (HE). Broad and Goddard (2010) mentioned that since, 2010, the UK government had imposed a rule where, the children between the age group of 3-4 years are entitled to undergo 15 hours of free nursery education for at least 38 weeks in a year. Brown and Carasso (2013) stated that the early years of education take place in several systems which include the state nursery schools, reception classes in the primary schools and privately run nurseries. In 2000, the foundation stage had been introduced in the UK, where the children between the age group of 3 to 5 years had received the primary level of education. Claringbould. and Knoppers (2007) denoted that a statutory rollout of the Foundation Phase Framework has been developed in 2008 and the entire process was completed by 2011. 1.2 Explain the characteristics of the different types of schools in relation to educational stage(s) and school governance Early Years education The UK government had imposed the law in 2010, in which all the children between the age group of 3 to 4 years are eligible to perceive 15 hours of free education for 38 weeks. Primary According to Brown and Rahn-Blakeslee (2009), the primary education system covers the three stages, nursery, infant and junior. In the UK, the primary education is generally catered for the children between the age group of 4-11 years. Secondary Culliney (2014) mentioned that in the UK, the public provision for the secondary education is comprised of different types of criteria. It includes the structure of signifying the historical circumstances and strategy followed by the local authority. Further education Grigg (2010) stated that the further education is majorly perceived in general senses to cover all the non advanced modules after the tenure of compulsory education. The UK colleges that provide the Further Education courses include the modules like general further education courses for the students. Higher education The Higher Education includes the courses like GCE A level, postgraduate courses, undergraduate courses and other undergraduate level courses. 1.3 Explain the post 16 options for young people and adults As per the regulation of post 16 option, all the UK population until the age group of 16, needs to complete the time education. Levy (2006) mentioned that the UK government has enacted the rules which signify that the school leaving age of the candidates relies on the birth date. Moreover, Patel et al. (2007) determined that all the students require to continue the training and education process until the age of 17. The prior assertion reflects that the learners that perceive the education from the year 7 would complete the training and education system by 17 years. The post 16 options cover up varied categories like full time training, apprenticeship, part time education based training and self employed training for 20 hours in a week. 2.1 Explain the strategic purpose of: a) School governors According to Kilic (2013), the school governors provide a strategic view to the school by developing a strategic vision. At the same point of time the governors also set the purpose and aim of the school within the agreed framework of policy. The major responsibility of the governor is appointing the suitable managers and teachers for the school and to set a statutory budget for the school with exact staffing structure. Secondly, Howard (2008) inferred that the governor needs to scrutinise and evaluate the overall performance of the school, the students behaviour and the improvement policy. Moreover, Jing (2014) denoted that the foremost responsibility of the school governor is to evaluate the performances of the teachers. Similarly to make sure that the parents are involved in the decision making process. This have been accounted from the well being of the children. 2.1 Explain the strategic purpose of: b) Senior management team The foremost responsibility of the senior management team in a school is to share the collective responsibility for the aspects of the schools management and leadership. In the similar context, Amos (2010) determined that the members of the senior management team are assigned with specific task as per the post or designation. The senior management team has collective responsibility for the effectual daily running and sound discipline of the school. The team is also required to look after the pastoral care of the students and staffs and implementing a collective agreement and development plan. Moreover, Baporikar (2009) mentioned that the strategic role of the senior management team is to set a strategic direction for the school and lead lucrative changes that would facilitate the students to enhance the knowledge lucratively. 2.1 Explain the strategic purpose of: c) Other statutory roles e.g. SENCO According to Clarke (2008), SENCO is highly responsible for the day to day operations of the Schools SEN policy. The SENCO play the most critical part, which ensure that the children demanding special educational requirement and disabilities would receive the acute support from the school. With the passing phase of time the roles and responsibilities of SENCO have developed gradually with successive direction to substantiate the responsibilities. Moreover, Callejo-PeÃÅ' rezand Ode (2013) inferred that SENCO has the most significant role in collaborating with the head teachers and governing body to determine the strategic upliftment of the SENM policy. The UK government is making a huge effort to convince the schools leadership teams to be responsible for the SEN policy. 2.1 Explain the strategic purpose of: d) Teachers In the present context, Edgington (2015) stated that the school teachers are comprised of the leadership role to promote the educational achievement of every student. The deeper sense of purposes of the school teachers includes preserving the attentive behaviour towards the conflicts between the students. According to Mallin (2006), the classroom, environment is fostered with various interactions between several students on the daily basis. Thus, shaping up the social development and daily habits of the students are the major responsibilities of the school teachers. The teachers are also responsible to frame out the curriculum and extracurricular activities for the children that would facilitate the students to enhance the other expertises besides the academic knowledge. 2.1 Explain the strategic purpose of: e) Support staff roles The roles of the support staffs are discussed below: Business managers The business managers are responsible for managing the day-to-day human resource and financial operations of the schools. McMahon (2009) inferred that the managers also support the principal to mitigate the strategic, operation and financial objectives of the school. Aboriginal and Island officers The offices assist the teachers to deliver the planned education programs and encourage the inclusive learning environment. Potcharapanpong and Thongthew (2010) inferred that the aboriginal students enact to be the liaison between the school and community. Education assistants According to Pickard and Maude (2014), the education assistant are the mainstream staffs that supports the teachers to deliver the education program. At the similar point of time encourage and assist the teachers with other resources required to enhance the education system of the schools. 2.2 Explain the roles of external professionals who may work with a school e.g. educational psychologist The educational psychologist assists the schools and its authority to improve the students experience of learning. Raffe and Croxford (2013) inferred that the psychologists use the expertise in understand the psychological conditions of the students and support to come over the difficulties the students face during the educational tenure. Wilkins (2011) determined that the educational psychologists conduct a solo or group sessions to evaluate and observe the accurate needs of younger students. In the majority of the cases the students get over burdened with the societal pressure of scoring high markets, thus, the pressure sometimes lead to frustration, which prevent the candidates from concentrating on the productive activity. Thus, the psychologists conduct the counselling session to reduce the stress level amongst the students. 3.1 Explain how the ethos, mission, aims and values of a school may be reflected in working practices Ethos According to Truss (2008), the schools ethos has been recognised as its values and beliefs. It should be easily identified when the students enter into the school premises, as the discipline and code of conduct had been the daily practices of the students, teachers and practitioners in the schools. Mission The mission statement of the schools needs to reflect the long and short term goal of the management. Stronge et al. (2008) denoted that the schools missions are majorly set by the head teacher, which facilitates the parents to the acute learning, knowledge and the educational system offered by the school. Based on the offering the parents decide to admit the students in the specific school. Aims The aim of the schools had been the major aspects through which the long term vision of the school reflects. Values Truss (2008) mentioned that the values reflect the moral and code of conduct of the schools, like self discipline, truthfulness, friendship, etc. 3.2 Evaluate methods of communicating a schools ethos, mission, aims and values Reflecting the schools ethos, mission, aims and values through the website would be an effective source of communication. McMahon (2009) specified that conduction of the school spectrum helps the management to spread the messages through word of mouth commutation. The spectrum somehow managed to impress both the parents and students, thus, the changes of word of mount communication would be relatively higher. 4.1 Summarise the laws and codes of practice affecting work in schools Every Child matters 2004 The UK Government green Paper outline 5 agreed criteria for the children, being health, safety, positive contribution, economic well being and enjoying. Education Act 2002 The school authority has the duty of safeguarding and promoting the welfare r of the children. Education Act 2010 The act ensures that equal opportunities should be provided to all the students. 4.2 Explain how legislation affects how schools work Data protection Act 1998 According to Truss (2008), the schools are required to secure its information and the personal details of the students. It has been inferred that the schools are responsible for providing the registration number for the secondary education. The specific number would be required by the students for the higher education and career growth. Disability Discrimination Act 1995 Stronge et al. (2008) mentioned that the current act reflects that the schools do not have the authority of discriminating against the disabled children. 4.3 Explain the roles of regulatory bodies relevant to the education sector which exist to monitor and enforce the legislative framework, including: a) General bodies such as the Health and Safety Executive The Health and Safety Executives are responsible to enforce the safe environment within the school premises. According to McMahon (2009), the executive decides to include the health and safety strategies based on the schools size and nature of the risk associated with the school activities. The primary roles of the Health and Safety Executives are training the teachers and the staffs regarding the safety measures, consultation arrangement with the management team, occupational health services, minimising staff violence, fire safety measures and work at height. 4.3 Explain the roles of regulatory bodies relevant to the education sector which exist to monitor and enforce the legislative framework, including: b) School specific regulatory bodies The school specific regulatory bodies are responsible to carry out the inspections of schools to ensure that the quality of services provided is adequate for the students in the educational career (Stronge et al. 2008). During the inspection process the executives concerned with the regulatory systems would collect evidence on the basis of the practices and the changing attitude of the students after the provision of the services. After the investigation methods, the regulatory bodies pass on the professional judgement based on the collected evidence and information. 5.1 Explain why schools have policies and procedures In the context of the present statement, Truss (2008) mentioned that the school had been the primary place that strengthens the foundation s of the children. The students are highly influenced by the code of conduct and partitioning behaviours tough by the school staffs. It has been inferred that students receive the corrective lessons regarding the career upliftment policy and societal behaviour from schools. Thus, maintaining in an effective policies and procedures would be highly necessitated for the schools regulatory body. The policies generally help the students to understand the behaviour that needs to be followed in within and outside the schools premises. 5.2 Summarise the policies and procedures schools may have relating to: a) Staff The Staff Development Section had been entirely to provide guidance, advice and opportunities to the staffs on the basis of the performances and information received. McMahon (2009)stated that the staffs are also responsible to evaluate the centrally funded events to ensure the effective benefits of the organisations. Truss (2008) figured out that the Staff Development Advisory Group is responsible to monitor and advice the staff development activity to ensure the equity and sound planning throughout the organisation. In certain schools the staffs had been provided effective training of the subjects, which helps the staffs to gain correct knowledge of the subjects. 2 Summarise the policies and procedures schools may have relating to: b) Pupil welfare According to McMahon (2009), the UK Governing Body and proprietors are responsible to ensure the schools policies and procedures are guided and monitors with compliances to enhance the welfare values for the pupil. The UK Government had passed the law, which states that every school should have a child protection policy and the policies needs the approval of the local authorities prior to its implementations. The management team of a school needs to operate safe recruitment procedures, which ensures that the statutory team that works with the children are sound minded and harmless. 5.2 Summarise the policies and procedures schools may have relating to: c) Teaching and learning The polices of teaching and learning involves the curriculum policy, early years policy, planning, assessment, marking policy and special educational needs policy. The, foremost objectives of the above policies are to provide safe and stimulating learning environments for the teachers and pupils (McMahon, 2009). The collective policies ban procedures are arranged in one particular place in order to ensure that children should receive an equal opportunity within the school curriculum. The specific approach would facilitate the management to differentiate its teaching process to fit the individual learning needs and capabilities of the children. 5.2 Summarise the policies and procedures schools may have relating to: d) Equality, diversity and inclusion The specific policy had been made to ensure that the students coming from different diversity should receive the equal treatment. Truss (2008) specified that the Equal Opportunity policy had been set in the UK education system.It focussed on the fact that children and the teachers should not discriminate each other on the foundation or colour, sex, origin. The educational operations should be conducted in the specific manner that would be easily grasped each of the students. Hence, children should be considered as an individual and every childs education needs to be developed with respect to the needs and abilities. 5.2 Summarise the policies and procedures schools may have relating to: e) Parental engagement Truss (2008) denoted that the inclusion of the parental engagement would be highly necessitated in the current educational system. The teachers would be passing on the information to the parents, continuous conduction of the similar activities would generally facilitate the children to get the positive behaviours and influence into regular habits. 5.3 Evaluate how school policies and procedures may be developed and communicated The head teachers and the senior management team of the schools needs to initiate the policies and procedures. McMahon (2009) denoted that that the head teachers require to account on the requirement of the parents, based on which the policies and regulation would be formed. The new rules and policies would be communicated through the notice boards. On the other hand, Truss (2008) mentioned that in various schools the management had collected the email ids of the parents, thus, beside highlighting the policies in the notice boards, a soft copy had been forwarded through the email ids of the parents. 6.1 Summarise the roles and responsibilities of national and local government for education policy and practice McMahon (2009) mentioned that the and the local government provides lucrative support and direction to the local school with regards to its norms and code of conduct. The local government work together with the SECO department of the shape up the changes to balance the educational system. The governing body forwards the changes within the education policy and provides effective training to the key members and staffs. Truss (2008) inferred that the national government is responsible to develop new ways to amplify the service qualities within the education system. The national government is also accountable for the school league tables. 6.2 Explain the role of schools in national policies relating to children, young people and families The primary role of the school is to implement the nation strategies, which had been initiated for the welfare purpose. McMahon (2009) denoted tat each h school aims at following the five main policies and philosophies, which are, staying safe, enjoying life, proper attainment, positive societal contribution and uplifting the economic well being. Schools are responsible for the well being of a family. Since, the education and lesson provided to the children would definitely reflect in its behaviour. Thus, the attitude of the student would definitely create a positive impact on the family reputation. 6.3 Explain the roles of other organisations working with children and young people and how these may impact on the work of schools Truss (2008), mentioned that all the organisation that deals with children share a collective commitment of safeguarding the welfare. The specific approach helps the teachers to proceed with the existing policies that are nurtured by the other agencies. References: Amos, S. (2010).International education governance. Bingley, UK: Emerald. Baporikar, N. (2009).Management education. Mumbai [India]: Himalaya Pub. House. Broad, M. and Goddard, A. (2010) Internal performance management with UK higher education: An amorphous system?, Measuring Business Excellence, 14(1), pp. 6066. Brown, R. and Carasso, H. (2013) Everything for sale? The marketisation of UK higher education. London: Taylor Francis. Brown, S. and Rahn-Blakeslee, A. (2009) Training school-based practitioners to collect intervention integrity data, School Mental Health, 1(3), pp. 143153. Callejo-PeÃÅ' rez, D. and Ode, J. (2013).The stewardship of higher education. Rotterdam: Sense Publishers. Claringbould, I. and Knoppers, A. (2007) Doing and undoing gender in sport governance, Sex Roles, 58(1-2), pp. 8192. Clarke, J. (2008) Book review: Motivating your team: Coaching for performance in schools,Management in Education, 22(3), pp. 3839 Culliney, T.W. (2014) Notes on predatory Behavi our in Rhinacloa forticornis (Hemiptera: Miridae ), Current Agriculture Research Journal, 2(1), pp. 0104. Edgington, U. (2015). Performativity and accountability in the UK education system: a case for humanness.Pedagogy, Culture Society, pp.1-6. Grigg, R. (2010) Aiming high: Becoming an outstanding primary school teacher. New York: Longman. Howard, A.E. (2008) Technical subjects in secondary schools, Education + Training, 50(1), pp. 1419. Jing, L. (2014) The governments roles in transnational forest governance, Recht der Werkelijkheid, 35(3). Kilic, C. (2013) Parents opinions of the pre-school education concerning pre-school education institutions, International Journal of Academic Research, 5(6), pp. 3740. Levy, T. (2006) Carefair: Rethinking the responsibilities and rights of citizenshipà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¯? Paul Kershaw, Governance, 19(4), pp. 680682. Mallin, C. (2006). Review of International Corporate Governance Conference held at Birmingham Business School, July 2005.Corporate Governance: An International Review, 14(3), pp.145-146. McMahon, W. (2009).Higher learning, greater good. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. Patel, H., Gwilt, C. and McGowan, P. (2007) Respiratory system (crash course - UK). 3rd edn. Edinburgh: Elsevier Health Sciences. Pickard, A. and Maude, P. (2014) Teaching physical education creatively (learning to teach in the primary school. London: Routledge. Potcharapanpong, S. and Thongthew, S. (2010) TEFL training program for local and cultural-based instruction: Case studies in Thai primary schools, Asian Social Science, 6(9), pp. 657-695. Raffe, D. and Croxford, L. (2013) One system or Four? Cross-border applications and entries to full-time undergraduate courses in the UK since Devolution, Higher Education Quarterly, 67(2), pp. 111134. Stronge, J., Richard, H. and Catano, N. (2008).Qualities of effective principals. Alexandria, VA: Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development. Truss, C. (2008) Peters story: Reconceptualising the UK SEN system, European Journal of Special Needs Education, 23(4), pp. 365377. Wilkins, S. (2011). The history of UK business and management education.Studies in Higher Education, 36(2), pp.247-248.