A Few Minerals That Contain Pyroxene

Public High School Reform Public School - 2137 Words

Public High School Reform Let s get straight to the point, American public school s are failing, and although the solutions to their many problems aren’t entirely implicit, remedial endeavors have been lackluster at best. In fact, According to PISA(Program for International Student Assessment), a recent international academic assessment, American students are significantly falling behind their international counterparts in math, reading, science, and have sunk to the 36th spot in the international ranking (Coleman 2013). This problem, however, is one that has persisted for several decades, so it should be no surprise that American public schools are struggling. What is surprising, is that this is the case despite the fact that â€Å"primary and secondary education accounts for 20 percent of state general fund expenditures, making it the second largest component of state spending behind Medicaid† (SBS 2014). When discussing the causes for these disappointing statistics, some may be quick to blame the teachers or focus most of their attention on only one or two issues, when in reality there are several problems with U.S.A s school system; All of which need to be addressed with individual solutions. From oversized classes, to low standards for student success, impersonal teaching methods/curriculum, and detrimental programs like No Child Left Behind, the problems with American public schools are quite extensive, so fixing them wont exactly be easy. Since many of the problemsShow MoreRelatedPrivate Education in Comparison to Public Education Essay1212 Words   |  5 Pagesattended a private high school or some form of private schooling, what if I were to tell you that the number of private schools in America are decreasing as well as their enrollment? B. 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International Education Governance Internal Performance Management

Questions: 1.1 Summarise entitlement and provision for early years education1.2 Explain the characteristics of the different types of schools in relation to educational stage(s) and school governance1.3 Explain the post 16 options for young people and adults2.1 Explain the strategic purpose of:a) school governors2.1 Explain the strategic purpose of:b) senior management team2.1 Explain the strategic purpose of:c) other statutory roles e.g. SENCO2.1 Explain the strategic purpose of:d) teachers2.1 Explain the strategic purpose of:e) support staff roles2.2 Explain the roles of external professionals who may work with a school e.g. educational psychologist3.1 Explain how the ethos, mission, aims and values of a school may be reflected in working practices3.2 Evaluate methods of communicating a schools ethos, mission, aims and values4.1 Summarise the laws and codes of practice affecting work in schools4.2 Explain how legislation affects how schools work4.3 Explain the roles of regulatory bodies relev ant to the education sector which exist to monitor and enforce the legislative framework, including:a) general bodies such as the Health and SafetyExecutive4.3 Explain the roles of regulatory bodies relevant to the education sector which exist to monitor and enforce the legislative framework, including:b) school specific regulatory bodies5.1 Explain why schools have policies and procedures5.2 Summarise the policies and procedures schools may have relating to:a) staff5.2 Summarise the policies and procedures schools may have relating to:b) pupil welfare5.2 Summarise the policies and procedures schools may have relating to:c) teaching and learning5.2 Summarise the policies and procedures schools may have relating to:d) equality, diversity and inclusion5.2 Summarise the policies and procedures schools may have relating to:e) parental engagement5.3 Evaluate how school policies and procedures may be developed and communicated6.1 Summarise the roles and responsibilities of national and lo cal government for education policy and practice6.2 Explain the role of schools in national policies relating to children, young people and families6.3 Explain the roles of other organisations working with children and young people and how these may impact on the work of schools. Answers: 1.1 Summarise entitlement and provision for early years education In the UK, education is covered in five stages, which includes early years, primary, secondary, Further Education (FE) and Higher Education (HE). Broad and Goddard (2010) mentioned that since, 2010, the UK government had imposed a rule where, the children between the age group of 3-4 years are entitled to undergo 15 hours of free nursery education for at least 38 weeks in a year. Brown and Carasso (2013) stated that the early years of education take place in several systems which include the state nursery schools, reception classes in the primary schools and privately run nurseries. In 2000, the foundation stage had been introduced in the UK, where the children between the age group of 3 to 5 years had received the primary level of education. Claringbould. and Knoppers (2007) denoted that a statutory rollout of the Foundation Phase Framework has been developed in 2008 and the entire process was completed by 2011. 1.2 Explain the characteristics of the different types of schools in relation to educational stage(s) and school governance Early Years education The UK government had imposed the law in 2010, in which all the children between the age group of 3 to 4 years are eligible to perceive 15 hours of free education for 38 weeks. Primary According to Brown and Rahn-Blakeslee (2009), the primary education system covers the three stages, nursery, infant and junior. In the UK, the primary education is generally catered for the children between the age group of 4-11 years. Secondary Culliney (2014) mentioned that in the UK, the public provision for the secondary education is comprised of different types of criteria. It includes the structure of signifying the historical circumstances and strategy followed by the local authority. Further education Grigg (2010) stated that the further education is majorly perceived in general senses to cover all the non advanced modules after the tenure of compulsory education. The UK colleges that provide the Further Education courses include the modules like general further education courses for the students. Higher education The Higher Education includes the courses like GCE A level, postgraduate courses, undergraduate courses and other undergraduate level courses. 1.3 Explain the post 16 options for young people and adults As per the regulation of post 16 option, all the UK population until the age group of 16, needs to complete the time education. Levy (2006) mentioned that the UK government has enacted the rules which signify that the school leaving age of the candidates relies on the birth date. Moreover, Patel et al. (2007) determined that all the students require to continue the training and education process until the age of 17. The prior assertion reflects that the learners that perceive the education from the year 7 would complete the training and education system by 17 years. The post 16 options cover up varied categories like full time training, apprenticeship, part time education based training and self employed training for 20 hours in a week. 2.1 Explain the strategic purpose of: a) School governors According to Kilic (2013), the school governors provide a strategic view to the school by developing a strategic vision. At the same point of time the governors also set the purpose and aim of the school within the agreed framework of policy. The major responsibility of the governor is appointing the suitable managers and teachers for the school and to set a statutory budget for the school with exact staffing structure. Secondly, Howard (2008) inferred that the governor needs to scrutinise and evaluate the overall performance of the school, the students behaviour and the improvement policy. Moreover, Jing (2014) denoted that the foremost responsibility of the school governor is to evaluate the performances of the teachers. Similarly to make sure that the parents are involved in the decision making process. This have been accounted from the well being of the children. 2.1 Explain the strategic purpose of: b) Senior management team The foremost responsibility of the senior management team in a school is to share the collective responsibility for the aspects of the schools management and leadership. In the similar context, Amos (2010) determined that the members of the senior management team are assigned with specific task as per the post or designation. The senior management team has collective responsibility for the effectual daily running and sound discipline of the school. The team is also required to look after the pastoral care of the students and staffs and implementing a collective agreement and development plan. Moreover, Baporikar (2009) mentioned that the strategic role of the senior management team is to set a strategic direction for the school and lead lucrative changes that would facilitate the students to enhance the knowledge lucratively. 2.1 Explain the strategic purpose of: c) Other statutory roles e.g. SENCO According to Clarke (2008), SENCO is highly responsible for the day to day operations of the Schools SEN policy. The SENCO play the most critical part, which ensure that the children demanding special educational requirement and disabilities would receive the acute support from the school. With the passing phase of time the roles and responsibilities of SENCO have developed gradually with successive direction to substantiate the responsibilities. Moreover, Callejo-PeÃÅ' rezand Ode (2013) inferred that SENCO has the most significant role in collaborating with the head teachers and governing body to determine the strategic upliftment of the SENM policy. The UK government is making a huge effort to convince the schools leadership teams to be responsible for the SEN policy. 2.1 Explain the strategic purpose of: d) Teachers In the present context, Edgington (2015) stated that the school teachers are comprised of the leadership role to promote the educational achievement of every student. The deeper sense of purposes of the school teachers includes preserving the attentive behaviour towards the conflicts between the students. According to Mallin (2006), the classroom, environment is fostered with various interactions between several students on the daily basis. Thus, shaping up the social development and daily habits of the students are the major responsibilities of the school teachers. The teachers are also responsible to frame out the curriculum and extracurricular activities for the children that would facilitate the students to enhance the other expertises besides the academic knowledge. 2.1 Explain the strategic purpose of: e) Support staff roles The roles of the support staffs are discussed below: Business managers The business managers are responsible for managing the day-to-day human resource and financial operations of the schools. McMahon (2009) inferred that the managers also support the principal to mitigate the strategic, operation and financial objectives of the school. Aboriginal and Island officers The offices assist the teachers to deliver the planned education programs and encourage the inclusive learning environment. Potcharapanpong and Thongthew (2010) inferred that the aboriginal students enact to be the liaison between the school and community. Education assistants According to Pickard and Maude (2014), the education assistant are the mainstream staffs that supports the teachers to deliver the education program. At the similar point of time encourage and assist the teachers with other resources required to enhance the education system of the schools. 2.2 Explain the roles of external professionals who may work with a school e.g. educational psychologist The educational psychologist assists the schools and its authority to improve the students experience of learning. Raffe and Croxford (2013) inferred that the psychologists use the expertise in understand the psychological conditions of the students and support to come over the difficulties the students face during the educational tenure. Wilkins (2011) determined that the educational psychologists conduct a solo or group sessions to evaluate and observe the accurate needs of younger students. In the majority of the cases the students get over burdened with the societal pressure of scoring high markets, thus, the pressure sometimes lead to frustration, which prevent the candidates from concentrating on the productive activity. Thus, the psychologists conduct the counselling session to reduce the stress level amongst the students. 3.1 Explain how the ethos, mission, aims and values of a school may be reflected in working practices Ethos According to Truss (2008), the schools ethos has been recognised as its values and beliefs. It should be easily identified when the students enter into the school premises, as the discipline and code of conduct had been the daily practices of the students, teachers and practitioners in the schools. Mission The mission statement of the schools needs to reflect the long and short term goal of the management. Stronge et al. (2008) denoted that the schools missions are majorly set by the head teacher, which facilitates the parents to the acute learning, knowledge and the educational system offered by the school. Based on the offering the parents decide to admit the students in the specific school. Aims The aim of the schools had been the major aspects through which the long term vision of the school reflects. Values Truss (2008) mentioned that the values reflect the moral and code of conduct of the schools, like self discipline, truthfulness, friendship, etc. 3.2 Evaluate methods of communicating a schools ethos, mission, aims and values Reflecting the schools ethos, mission, aims and values through the website would be an effective source of communication. McMahon (2009) specified that conduction of the school spectrum helps the management to spread the messages through word of mouth commutation. The spectrum somehow managed to impress both the parents and students, thus, the changes of word of mount communication would be relatively higher. 4.1 Summarise the laws and codes of practice affecting work in schools Every Child matters 2004 The UK Government green Paper outline 5 agreed criteria for the children, being health, safety, positive contribution, economic well being and enjoying. Education Act 2002 The school authority has the duty of safeguarding and promoting the welfare r of the children. Education Act 2010 The act ensures that equal opportunities should be provided to all the students. 4.2 Explain how legislation affects how schools work Data protection Act 1998 According to Truss (2008), the schools are required to secure its information and the personal details of the students. It has been inferred that the schools are responsible for providing the registration number for the secondary education. The specific number would be required by the students for the higher education and career growth. Disability Discrimination Act 1995 Stronge et al. (2008) mentioned that the current act reflects that the schools do not have the authority of discriminating against the disabled children. 4.3 Explain the roles of regulatory bodies relevant to the education sector which exist to monitor and enforce the legislative framework, including: a) General bodies such as the Health and Safety Executive The Health and Safety Executives are responsible to enforce the safe environment within the school premises. According to McMahon (2009), the executive decides to include the health and safety strategies based on the schools size and nature of the risk associated with the school activities. The primary roles of the Health and Safety Executives are training the teachers and the staffs regarding the safety measures, consultation arrangement with the management team, occupational health services, minimising staff violence, fire safety measures and work at height. 4.3 Explain the roles of regulatory bodies relevant to the education sector which exist to monitor and enforce the legislative framework, including: b) School specific regulatory bodies The school specific regulatory bodies are responsible to carry out the inspections of schools to ensure that the quality of services provided is adequate for the students in the educational career (Stronge et al. 2008). During the inspection process the executives concerned with the regulatory systems would collect evidence on the basis of the practices and the changing attitude of the students after the provision of the services. After the investigation methods, the regulatory bodies pass on the professional judgement based on the collected evidence and information. 5.1 Explain why schools have policies and procedures In the context of the present statement, Truss (2008) mentioned that the school had been the primary place that strengthens the foundation s of the children. The students are highly influenced by the code of conduct and partitioning behaviours tough by the school staffs. It has been inferred that students receive the corrective lessons regarding the career upliftment policy and societal behaviour from schools. Thus, maintaining in an effective policies and procedures would be highly necessitated for the schools regulatory body. The policies generally help the students to understand the behaviour that needs to be followed in within and outside the schools premises. 5.2 Summarise the policies and procedures schools may have relating to: a) Staff The Staff Development Section had been entirely to provide guidance, advice and opportunities to the staffs on the basis of the performances and information received. McMahon (2009)stated that the staffs are also responsible to evaluate the centrally funded events to ensure the effective benefits of the organisations. Truss (2008) figured out that the Staff Development Advisory Group is responsible to monitor and advice the staff development activity to ensure the equity and sound planning throughout the organisation. In certain schools the staffs had been provided effective training of the subjects, which helps the staffs to gain correct knowledge of the subjects. 2 Summarise the policies and procedures schools may have relating to: b) Pupil welfare According to McMahon (2009), the UK Governing Body and proprietors are responsible to ensure the schools policies and procedures are guided and monitors with compliances to enhance the welfare values for the pupil. The UK Government had passed the law, which states that every school should have a child protection policy and the policies needs the approval of the local authorities prior to its implementations. The management team of a school needs to operate safe recruitment procedures, which ensures that the statutory team that works with the children are sound minded and harmless. 5.2 Summarise the policies and procedures schools may have relating to: c) Teaching and learning The polices of teaching and learning involves the curriculum policy, early years policy, planning, assessment, marking policy and special educational needs policy. The, foremost objectives of the above policies are to provide safe and stimulating learning environments for the teachers and pupils (McMahon, 2009). The collective policies ban procedures are arranged in one particular place in order to ensure that children should receive an equal opportunity within the school curriculum. The specific approach would facilitate the management to differentiate its teaching process to fit the individual learning needs and capabilities of the children. 5.2 Summarise the policies and procedures schools may have relating to: d) Equality, diversity and inclusion The specific policy had been made to ensure that the students coming from different diversity should receive the equal treatment. Truss (2008) specified that the Equal Opportunity policy had been set in the UK education system.It focussed on the fact that children and the teachers should not discriminate each other on the foundation or colour, sex, origin. The educational operations should be conducted in the specific manner that would be easily grasped each of the students. Hence, children should be considered as an individual and every childs education needs to be developed with respect to the needs and abilities. 5.2 Summarise the policies and procedures schools may have relating to: e) Parental engagement Truss (2008) denoted that the inclusion of the parental engagement would be highly necessitated in the current educational system. The teachers would be passing on the information to the parents, continuous conduction of the similar activities would generally facilitate the children to get the positive behaviours and influence into regular habits. 5.3 Evaluate how school policies and procedures may be developed and communicated The head teachers and the senior management team of the schools needs to initiate the policies and procedures. McMahon (2009) denoted that that the head teachers require to account on the requirement of the parents, based on which the policies and regulation would be formed. The new rules and policies would be communicated through the notice boards. On the other hand, Truss (2008) mentioned that in various schools the management had collected the email ids of the parents, thus, beside highlighting the policies in the notice boards, a soft copy had been forwarded through the email ids of the parents. 6.1 Summarise the roles and responsibilities of national and local government for education policy and practice McMahon (2009) mentioned that the and the local government provides lucrative support and direction to the local school with regards to its norms and code of conduct. The local government work together with the SECO department of the shape up the changes to balance the educational system. The governing body forwards the changes within the education policy and provides effective training to the key members and staffs. Truss (2008) inferred that the national government is responsible to develop new ways to amplify the service qualities within the education system. The national government is also accountable for the school league tables. 6.2 Explain the role of schools in national policies relating to children, young people and families The primary role of the school is to implement the nation strategies, which had been initiated for the welfare purpose. McMahon (2009) denoted tat each h school aims at following the five main policies and philosophies, which are, staying safe, enjoying life, proper attainment, positive societal contribution and uplifting the economic well being. Schools are responsible for the well being of a family. Since, the education and lesson provided to the children would definitely reflect in its behaviour. Thus, the attitude of the student would definitely create a positive impact on the family reputation. 6.3 Explain the roles of other organisations working with children and young people and how these may impact on the work of schools Truss (2008), mentioned that all the organisation that deals with children share a collective commitment of safeguarding the welfare. The specific approach helps the teachers to proceed with the existing policies that are nurtured by the other agencies. References: Amos, S. (2010).International education governance. Bingley, UK: Emerald. Baporikar, N. (2009).Management education. Mumbai [India]: Himalaya Pub. House. Broad, M. and Goddard, A. (2010) Internal performance management with UK higher education: An amorphous system?, Measuring Business Excellence, 14(1), pp. 6066. Brown, R. and Carasso, H. (2013) Everything for sale? The marketisation of UK higher education. London: Taylor Francis. Brown, S. and Rahn-Blakeslee, A. (2009) Training school-based practitioners to collect intervention integrity data, School Mental Health, 1(3), pp. 143153. Callejo-PeÃÅ' rez, D. and Ode, J. (2013).The stewardship of higher education. Rotterdam: Sense Publishers. Claringbould, I. and Knoppers, A. (2007) Doing and undoing gender in sport governance, Sex Roles, 58(1-2), pp. 8192. Clarke, J. (2008) Book review: Motivating your team: Coaching for performance in schools,Management in Education, 22(3), pp. 3839 Culliney, T.W. (2014) Notes on predatory Behavi our in Rhinacloa forticornis (Hemiptera: Miridae ), Current Agriculture Research Journal, 2(1), pp. 0104. Edgington, U. (2015). Performativity and accountability in the UK education system: a case for humanness.Pedagogy, Culture Society, pp.1-6. Grigg, R. (2010) Aiming high: Becoming an outstanding primary school teacher. New York: Longman. Howard, A.E. (2008) Technical subjects in secondary schools, Education + Training, 50(1), pp. 1419. Jing, L. (2014) The governments roles in transnational forest governance, Recht der Werkelijkheid, 35(3). Kilic, C. (2013) Parents opinions of the pre-school education concerning pre-school education institutions, International Journal of Academic Research, 5(6), pp. 3740. Levy, T. (2006) Carefair: Rethinking the responsibilities and rights of citizenshipà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¯? Paul Kershaw, Governance, 19(4), pp. 680682. Mallin, C. (2006). Review of International Corporate Governance Conference held at Birmingham Business School, July 2005.Corporate Governance: An International Review, 14(3), pp.145-146. McMahon, W. (2009).Higher learning, greater good. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. Patel, H., Gwilt, C. and McGowan, P. (2007) Respiratory system (crash course - UK). 3rd edn. Edinburgh: Elsevier Health Sciences. Pickard, A. and Maude, P. (2014) Teaching physical education creatively (learning to teach in the primary school. London: Routledge. Potcharapanpong, S. and Thongthew, S. (2010) TEFL training program for local and cultural-based instruction: Case studies in Thai primary schools, Asian Social Science, 6(9), pp. 657-695. Raffe, D. and Croxford, L. (2013) One system or Four? Cross-border applications and entries to full-time undergraduate courses in the UK since Devolution, Higher Education Quarterly, 67(2), pp. 111134. Stronge, J., Richard, H. and Catano, N. (2008).Qualities of effective principals. Alexandria, VA: Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development. Truss, C. (2008) Peters story: Reconceptualising the UK SEN system, European Journal of Special Needs Education, 23(4), pp. 365377. Wilkins, S. (2011). The history of UK business and management education.Studies in Higher Education, 36(2), pp.247-248.

The Early History of Perak free essay sample

The history of Perak started during the seat of empire was at Beruas which British knew nothing. A few carved tombstones represent all what had happen during the time on the early history of the country. If the Malay tradition is right in saying that the great arm of the sea at the Dindings was once an outlet of the Perak river we can easily understand the importance of Beruas, combining as it did the advantages of a perfect landlocked harbour with a commanding situation at the mouth of the greatest waterway in the western half of the Peninsula. Although Beruas was powerful, the ‘Malay Annals’ tell us, before even the mythical ancestors of the Malacca dynasty appeared on the famous hill of Siguntang, it had begun to decline as the river silted up. In the days of Sultan Mahmud (A. D. 1500) Beruas had so far fallen that its king did homage to Malacca in mere gratitude for assistance against a petty rival village. We will write a custom essay sample on The Early History of Perak or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page After the Achehnese invasion the place entirely disappears from history. Point State history began with the coronation of Sultan Muzaffar Shah l that was the descended of Sultan Mahmud Shah of Malacca in l528. The ruling is carried out will be the order of the feudal system almost the same as in the democratic of Malacca. Perak is known after the discovery of rich ground that is the discovery of tin in Larut in l848 by Ms. Long Jaafar. With this the State economy growing rapidly and more mining areas were opened. In addition to tin, rubber also played an important role after the rubber trees promoted in the State. The implications of the economic developments have been foster a pluralistic society, especially for the Chinese who worked in the mines in the state. British has long been put on interest to the State has intervened through the Pangkor Treaty l874 when there is unrest in Windhoek. From this intervention Resident administrative system was introduced by the British with JWWBirch as its first Resident of Perak. The system is expected to bring about the implications of the Resident is good at first, but because its implementation is absurd and to the attitude of the indigenous people who do not want to be colonized, there has been antagonism that was led by Datuk Maharaja Lela. As a result JWWBirch killed in 1875 under the order of Datuk Maharaja Lela in Teluk Intan due to the arrogant  and  disrespectful. Resident System was also continued until the arrival of the Japanese in Malaya in 194l that caused chaos. Perak State also suffered during the Japanese invasion of bitterness until l945. British scene after the Japanese surrender has not ended, but continued until the emergency occurred in 1948 caused by the Malayan Communist Party (MCP). Violence is rampant in the State in which the MCP is responsible about it. After the Japanese occupation in Malaya, the Malay states are not stable. British had to cope with the emergency state of nationalism for independence among the Malays and also the other races. British used every effort to maintain its position by introducing a number of administrative systems such as the Malayan Union in l946. The Malays leader bringing the masses together with the chiefs of state against an all-out all the British system that is Malayan Union until the British declared the independence of Malaya in l957. Malayan independence, freedom means the states of Perak and affiliates are one of the states. The rapid progression still continues to run until now after 34 generations of the Sultans ruled. By fondly nationalists neither Perak Sultan himself nor his followers, the shrine-tomb was restored and conserved, and declared as a monument and a hero back home. It should be a son, grandson, great-great-men and others from the side of the seed from generation to generation until the last one. Laws of the Constitution never sanctioned and is prohibited to select and appoint a person other than the Sovereign such offspring of the previous Sultan as long as there is life such an issue of the Sultan with the condition that the Sovereign has not had a large and heavy defects for which the it tidal the Islamic Laws will be approved by a Sovereign. If at the time there is no offspring of the previous Sultan seed, it is imperative that elected and appointed as a Sultan of them as are from the seeds of the first Sultan. If the absence of a person eligible to be appointed to the Sovereign, the choice of appointment shall be submitted to the Sovereign of weights, the penalty and the decision of the Senate. After the Sovereign been promulgated, two shall be appointed by the future Sultan of the Sovereign on the advice of the Senate. Two titles are held by the Prospective Sultan was the Raja Muda and Raja confluence of. The title King of Tresurer has been reinstated ti the regular YABhg title. Orang Kaya-Kaya Seri Maharaja Treasyrer and the title YAM Majesty the Sultan of the Treasurer, the Sultan Wazirul Wakilus-Kabir. Future appointment of Sultan is based on the conditions as required for a Sovereign. Before implementing its rights or conduct half-he said, the future Sultan required to take and subscribe the oath prescribed by the Senate. Oath contains the words that follow the sense of the person appointed. Then the title was awarded by Malay custom. However, before a person appointed to be the future Sultan, one usually must first hold the Kings title. Title given to the rulers called is as follows: 1) Raja Kecil Bongsu 2) Raja Kecil Tengah 3) Raja Kecil Sulong 4) Raja Kecil Besar 5) Raja Di Hilir 6) Raja Muda 7) Sultan and Yang DiPertuan Normally the Reagent would be appointed Sovereign after the death of the Sovereign (the Sultan) and the King in the Lower that will take place vacant by the Raja Muda and Raja Di Hilir placed was replaced by Raja Kecil Besar and so on until the title of Raja Kecil Bongsu is vacated. Usually a new Sovereign to bestow the title of Raja Kecil Bongsu to his eldest son. However, the Laws of the Constitution states that the Perak State Government in the selection of the future Sultan, the first consideration should be given to the candidates who closely follow the order of the rank order of Sultan and then to each of the Kings called the improper position before considering any one of the top general level of those who should be elected to the Sovereign.

Swot Analysis on the Apparel Industry Essays

Swot Analysis on the Apparel Industry Essays Swot Analysis on the Apparel Industry Paper Swot Analysis on the Apparel Industry Paper Strengths Demand Driven Industry (more than 4000 units for textiles alone) Strong presence in local market Availability of cheaper labor Geographically situated at ideal location (near end users) Most setups are self employed and have simpler management structure Weaknesses Obsolete technology machinery and equipment used for manufacturing Availability of raw material and inconsistent raw material prices Unskilled labor (only 1% workers have certificate / diploma from technical training institutions) Absence of research and development culture Lack of synergies between Govt. support institutions and practical market. Lack of standardization and quality control Non-sophisticated marketing sense. (branding grading) Unorganized vendor base Limited access to information (availability of finance, technological know how Govt. regulations) Energy costs Opportunities Import substitution. Pakistan imports machinery worth approximately US $ 600 million annually for textiles only. Free trade agreements like SAFTA and Pakistan’s recent attempt to get included in ASEAN. Lesser sophisticated African markets. Research and development and reverse engineering Threats Competition from countries like India China, which have more advanced engineering technology base. Lagging in technology, hence producing substandard goods that hamper consumer perception about local engineering products. Non-organized manufacturing and vendor base and unhealthy competition. Uncertainty in inputs costs Allowance of duty free textile machinery. Increasing duties on import of machinery / tools used in manufacturing of textile machinery and parts High dependence on single supplier of raw material i. e. Pakistan steel Non-existence of research and development culture lily to widen technology gap more and more with the passage of time. SWOT ANALYSIS- MAS holding chairman GARMENT INDUSTRY PERSPECTIVES Q: Could you provide a SWOT analysis of the garment industry today? A: STRENGTHS: The ‘Sri Lanka’ brand†¦ People understand international business, and adopt ethical and reliable business practices. Manufacturing good-quality products, not providing a sample which is great and the bulk quantity of a different standard. Compliance with health and safety standards. English-language skills in comparison to China, where just a few people may speak English in the entire factory – and if they are not available, you can’t get anything out of them. Well-disciplined, literate and skilled workforce. WEAKNESSES: Being slightly behind other countries in Not having a supply chain and proper textile infrastructure. Not having dedicated zones that provide utilities, such as electricity, at competitive rates. Not having a base for other supply-chain services. No technical and design skills. No proper merchandising skills. OPPORTUNITIES: With pressure on China, lots of buyers, retailers and brands are looking for alternatives to China. Sri Lanka has a tremendous opportunity to position itself as an outstanding alternative in active wear, children’s wear, casual wear and intimate apparel. THREATS: We have to be careful about being competitive internationally – not only in comparison to countries such as India, Vietnam and Indonesia. I believe there is another way of looking at this: we can’t view ourselves in isolation. We have to look at ourselves in relation to the rest of South Asia and see how we can leverage on each other’s strengths to perform well as a region. If we attempt to play in the huge global arena by ourselves, it will be a daunting challenge. Janaka Boteju – Sri Lanka Apparel exporters association Sri Lanka Apparel Industry Strengths Reputation of being a quality apparel manufacturer for the mass market. Compliance with International Labour regulations. Relatively disciplined and skilled labour and a trainable work force. Reputed International Customer base. On-time delivery of standard â€Å"all- season† products. Weaknesses Isolation from trade partners and heavy dependence on local buying agencies. Lack of geographical diversification in terms of its overseas markets. In-sufficient international and bi-lateral trade agreements to support the industry. Increasing cost of labour compared with other countries in the south Asian region Inadequate focus on developing backward integration linkages to support the industry. Non-existence of product design and new product developments. Non-existence of a Sri Lankan brand identity. Low productivity of labour, inefficient use of machinery and manufacturing processes. The relatively high cost of utilities. Opportunities Sri Lanka to become a total service provider for the global apparel industry. Promote Sri Lanka as a socially responsible manufacturer of apparels. Transition to products that require a high labour content. The positive impact of the government’s peace initiative Threats Rapidly changing trends in the retailing industry. The former socialist countries and the East European nation are potential to become major suppliers for the EU Market. Global formation of bi-lateral and multi-lateral trade blocks. New entrants to the industry. Emergence of efficient international shipping hubs in the Asian region.

Del Monte Provides secure Connections for Telecommuters Essay Example

Del Monte Provides secure Connections for Telecommuters Essay Example Del Monte Provides secure Connections for Telecommuters Essay Del Monte Provides secure Connections for Telecommuters Essay Name: Course: Instructor: Date: Del Monte Provides Secure Connections for Telecommuters The primary concern of making a private network available to employees who are outside the office is for security purposes and reliability. When an organization opens up connections over the internet, it makes its network more vulnerable to hackers. Furthermore, in terms of security, the private network requires internet connections that are more stable so that it can get a reliable service as time and quality is a necessity in the Del Monte. Therefore, supplying them with the necessary information enables them to have access to information systems such as the corporate enterprise resource planning (ERP), data warehouse, and customer relationship management (CRM). This is because Del Monte required a system that employees could use to access the corporate network so that they could work as effectively as the employees in the corporate offices could. Technologies employed by Del Monte to address this primary concern include firewalls, encryption, IPSec, and AAA Server. Firewalls are used to offer strong barrier private network and the internet. Firewalls can be set as a restriction to numbers of open ports, the type of packets passed through and the protocols that are permitted through. Therefore, it should be noted that a person could have a good firewall first before implementing a VPN, although a firewall can also be used to destroy the sessions of VPN (Hoover 195). Another technology used is Encryption, which is a process that takes all the information that one computer sends to another and encodes it into a form that only the other computer will be able to decode. IPSec which refers to as internet protocol security protocol has the main function of providing improved security features like better encryption algorithms and extra significant authentication. Lastly, Del Monte employed another technology known as Authentication, authorization and accounting servers (AAA). This technology is mainly used to provide more security in a remote-access VPN surrounding. AAA checks the identity of the person sending a request, provides permission on what to be done, and then accounts for what a person actually does. Therefore, Del Monte employed these technologies in order to set up a secure website for the employees and partners to access the any internet connections. These technologies could keep hackers out and permit the authorized users’ in. The users are enabled to access only the parts of the network and data that they have been authorized to access. In addition, Del Monte supplies its employees with even secure connections for employees that work at home. The benefits enjoyed by both Del Monte and its employees include the speed of communication. Extranets provides access of information from anywhere especially from home in an effective and efficient manner to all partners by connecting intranets for urgent access to critical data. For instance, salesperson traveling far from the distributor is able to access information very fast and securely over the extranet, rather than calling a distributor for information. An extranet offers access to information in a very affordable price. For instance, companies are able to spend a very small amount in establishing and printing information for suppliers, distributors, and customers. Extranet also helps in reduction of hassles especially for an IT professional. It is sometimes hard to keep equipment and connections, while attempting to stay ahead of the access technology changes. Therefore, extranets tries to reduce these frustrations by permitting the IT organizer to outsource the difficult physical infrastructures. Extranets also tries to reduce long-distance phone charges. Hourly access fees charged by ISPs are up to 50 percent cheaper than the best available negotiated toll-free rates. Employees have a Cisco ASA 5500 Series Adaptive Security Appliance, which is a network device that offers a firewall and intrusion prevention system to keep hackers out and virtual private networking to encrypt and safeguard data flowing over the network. The device also enables the professionals to stay in contact while at home. If I were to choose whether to work at home or in a corporate, I would prefer working at home. This will thus enable me to work, at the same time attend meetings and do my own work at home. The company benefits from the devise in the general saving of money by allowing the company to erode expenses. I would prefer working at home rather than based in corporate office because it is easier to balance my personal life with work. For instance, working in an office requires daily commuting to and from work, which is hard to deal with when with children requiring to taken care of. Working from home also saves money and time and most of the time home environment is cool for working with no distractions from work mates, and I can plan my work in more organized manner. There is flexibility when working at home. My job can become flexible as long as I choose to be committed and reproductive. For instance, I can choose to work over the weekends, during the night and any time I am free. Therefore, working from home is very flexible since am able to make my own schedule and follow it to achieve the set goals. Working at home also gives time to spend with family members and friends. Hoover, Nicholas. Telecommunication: the internet, intranet, and extranets. New York, NY: Press, 2008.

The NSA, Government Spying, and Privacy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The NSA, Government Spying, and Privacy - Essay Example Business records and domestic phone calls got recorded (Lee 1). Snowden also releases that the NSA has been spying on the foreign leaders. From the report, it had targeted at least 35 leaders. The Agency also spies on ordinary people overseas. It has been collecting data from common people, as in Germany and Brazil. The Agency also tracked the telephone location around the world (Lee 1). The agency does not have the authority to target the cell phone users deliberately in the US, but it collected the phone records incidentally. With nine major internet companies, the PRISM program lets the National Security Agency and access to the private user data on the online services. Snowden reveals that the companies comprise of the Google, Microsoft, YouTube, Facebook, Pal Talk, Yahoo, Skype, Apple, and AOL. The program enables NSA to get private information such as stored documents, Facebook messages, and emails (Lee 1). The NSA uses the Tailored Access Operations in hacking a wide variety of business IT systems and consumer gadgets. It also taps long distance internet connections. The agency works with countries around the world and taps into fiber optic cables known to carry much fiber optic data. Moreover, NSA has also intercepted the data flowing from Yahoo and Google data centers. From the encryption as one log into Gmail is an example in which the Agency harvested the bulk user data. The agency has also been collecting information on the internet usage of American citizens between the years 2001 to 2011 (Lee 1). NSA has also undermined the security of encryption products by persuading technology companies to make their products exploitable. Modification of the product was to make them vulnerable to attacks by the agency. The company has also been using tracking cookies in choosing hacking targets. In 2013, the company cracked one of the most popular encryption standards, A5 and intercepted contents of the cell

Blueprint for Professional and Personal Growth Assignment

Blueprint for Professional and Personal Growth - Assignment Example The reason this is so is that the individual employees will know their left from their right, and have their competences well developed to deliver the best of service. It is expected that the new understanding that has been gained will go a long way to contribute to the productivity levels of the organization because a new era that gets the best out of employees will be developed. As far as the way I thought of the manager’s role is concerned, I can clearly stay that I have developed a new understanding that makes me realize that the manager’s role is more of a shared responsibility rather than a one man show. Before the course, I used to have this thinking, I believe must best be described as a misconception. This is because I used to think that managers were lords over their employees and only dictated for their employees to follow. With the content and assignments however, there has been a new realization that managers function best if they would do so in collaborati on with their employees; whiles empowering the employees to be at their best competence levels. I have also come to know of the manager as a facilitator of change rather than an implementer of change. Having come to develop the kind of new understanding I have about managers, my goals for my organization have tremendously been influenced. Earlier, most of my goals were self centered and focused on way in which I could make myself better as a manager. What is more, I focused the human development roles within the organization around only few people within the organization. For now, my goals have changed towards the development of personal goals of all people within the organization. My goals are now focused on the larger development of all people within the organization, knowing that their development will lead to the total development of the organization. Their personal developments would also make my own work as a manager much easier. Strategy for Professional and Personal Life Ear lier in the course, I had made a personal sentence to â€Å"support others for the collective success of the organization†. Having come this far with the course and with specific inspiration from the article of Christensen (2010), I find the need to develop a strategy that will aid in my professional and personal life. The first component of the strategy has to do with ways of ensuring that I am happy in my career and become the manager I aspire to be. Christensen (2010) admonishes the need for output to match expected input in order for any manager to be happy with his position. This is to say that the efforts that the manager puts into the service delivery at the organization must be promising enough to bring enhanced productivity. In relation to my sentence, I will ensure this by putting in place motivational factors that urge my workforce to give off their best. Once the employees gain satisfaction, there are most likely to give off their best and ensure productivity, whi ch would in turn bring me joy as succeeding in my position. Whiles putting these structures in place within the organization, it will be very important not to neglect or abandon my social responsibilities, especially as a family person.

Fluid Dynamics of Fires Essay Example for Free

Fluid Dynamics of Fires Essay

Theories of Personality Development: An Evaluation

Theories of Personality Development: An Evaluation Introduction On Personality Development The development of personality across individual life can be observed from three different views, such as behaving, striving and present from a person (McAdams and Olson, 2010). In additional, Mc Adams and Olson, 2010, explained the evidence in infancy, a wide differences in social action patterns have predicted in the long term developmental which, clearly explained the transition from early temperament into adult dispositional traits. Personality Development is an important factor, as it concerned with the systematic transformation of individuals and personalities as they move through their lives (Graziano, 2003). hence, psychologist have been interested in studying the way of human developmental process basis of an early stage in the life course, which will influence both long term stability and change. Freudian Theory On Personality Development In the founder of personality development theory, is the Freudian psychoanalytic theory (PAT). (Freud, 1940/1969), linked personality with id, ego and superego, he mention that id is an important part of our personality because as newborns, it allows us to get our basic needs, it is also known as our pleasure principle, id instinct demanding immediate gratification rather for a later reward, which the term is also known as delay gratification, while ego acts as a balance between id and superego, which is known as the reality principle, ego helps to people to understand their needs and desires, that could also harm them in a long run, and finally superego, the component of personality composed of our internalized ideals that we have acquired from our parents and from society, it provides guidelines for making judgments. Freud psychoanalytic theory was widely debate and enhance further by other theorist. (Magnavita, 2003), address that issue into two categories, the normal type of peop le and people who are dysfunctional. In Magnavita theory, he presented an integrative relational model that blends psychodynamic, cognitive, and systems theory to analyse and understand the behaviours , feelings and emotions, as well as techniques and modalities, especially for personality dysfunction before any proceeding any further treatment. The reason being is that Freud research, changes people concept of thinking about children’s experiences in early childhood†(Brooks, 2010). Freud believed that the symptoms of anxiety occurs in many adults were establish during their childhood experiences (Brooks, 2010). In other words, a child’s development would directly influence how one behaves as an adult. The way that the adult behaviour, as well as the way they doing things, may directly link to something that happen in their childhood, especially when the feeling of fear and anxiety (Brooks, 2010). Psychoanalytic theory has also given psychologists a number of helpful concepts, such as the unconscious, the ego, and identity, which have become a part of every language as well as theory (Cramer, 2000). Apart from knowing how personality is developed through individual needs as a child, and how it will affect them in a prolong period of time. In the next part of the essay, other theorist is going share about their own point of view on personality development, such as Erik Erikson psychosocial, and Alfred Adler, birth order development, as well as, how it can contribute towards personality development. Erikson And His Theory Of Personality Development In the late 1920s, Erik Erikson, helped to develop a program to teach art to children of Freuds entourage. Erikson wife Joan Serson, who study psychoanalysis, convince him to join her in the same path (Cloninger, 2003). Erikson started off as a lay analyst because of his non medical training, not long after, he became part of Freuds inner circle. Due to the fear, increased in anti-Semitism, Erikson and his wife decided to leave Germany for United States to expand his career (Cloninger, 2003). In Eriksons model of the stages of human development extends beyond childhood and adolescence to include middle and old age despite the adult years, from roughly 20 through 60, were described by only two ego stages ( Erikson, 1963). Erikson believed the individual progresses through eight psychosocial stages to establish new orientations to self and the social world over time ( Hiller and Barrow, 2010). (Dunkel and Sefcek, 2009), in the table of Erikson eight stages of psychosocial, it shows the period in life, such as infancy ( Trust vs Mistrust), Toddlerhood (Autonomy vs Shame), Preschool ( Initiative vs Guilt), Childhood ( Industry vs Inferiority), Adolescence ( Identity vs Role confusion), Young adulthood ( Intimacy vs Isolation), Can I Love?, Middle adulthood ( Generatively vs Stagnation), and Late adulthood ( Integrity vs Despair). The sequence of stages in Eriksons theory is based on the epigenetic principle, which means that each psychosocial strength has its own period of particular importance, and may produce either a positive or a negative resolution of the challenge, and the ego resources that individuals gain or do not gain on completion of one stage are brought with them to the next stage of development ( Kail and Cavanaugh, 2012). Compare Freuds Theory with Eriksons Theory Sigmund Freuds psychosexual theory and Erik Eriksons psychosocial theory are two well known theories of development. Erikson was influenced by Freuds ideas, but his theory are differed in a number of important ways. Like Freud, Erikson believed that personality development in a series of predetermined stages (Smith, 2000/2007/2010). Unlike Freuds theory of psychosexual stages, who proposed that if the child experienced sexual frustration in any of the five stages of psychosexual developmental stage, he or she would experience anxiety that would persist into adulthood as a neurosis, a functional mental disorder while Eriksons explained further from what Freud have left with the impact of social experience across the whole lifespan which is also known as psychosocial personality development, (Smith, 2000/2007/2010),. The first 5 stages of Erikson is similar to Freud psychosexual development ( Dunkel and Sefcek, 2009). Eriksons last three stages deal with early, middle and later adulthood. According to Dunkel and Sefeck, 2009 studies, they undermine the importance on the last three stages of Erikson Personality development, in the early adulthood the main issue of growth and development of identity is intimacy, which involves relationships in friendship, sex, competition and cooperation that are emphasized, and in middle adulthood, is the ability to support others and in doing so to create a legacy is the primary developmental task, during this stage generatively involves a concern for the welfare of society rather than contemned with self absorption ( the ability to create, care for, and to share are the positive outcomes of balance in middle adulthood ), the later adulthood, which is the integrity versus despair ( the sense of fulfilment throughout their life or a sense of regret and despair over a life misspent). Alfred Alder Personality Development Alfred Alder, an Austrian psychiatry, who joined Freuds discussing groups in 1907. He wrote papers on organic inferiority, ( when, individuals tries to compensate for their own defect or weakness, if the effort of compensate fails, it could lead to an inferiority complexity ) and childrens feelings of inferiority, which he claim that the child development of inferiority is due to the basic helplessness of the human infant ( Adler, 1917). Alder examine personality development around the same time as Carl Jung and Sigmund Freud, as they work hand in hand with some theories until the day when Alder reject Freuds keep on linking personality solely on sex factors, and maintained that personality difficulties are rooted in a feeling of inferiority deriving from restrictions on the individuals need for self assertion ( Fisher, 2001). (Adler, 1927) emphasised the other factor that contribute factor to personality development would be the birth order, calming that it contributed significantly to the development of an individuals style of life. where each children is treated uniquely within the family, depending on their order of birth, such the ( first child, the elder child, the second child, the middle and youngest child, etc). Adler expanding many of his studies toward application in educational models ( Palencik, 2011). His theories on birth order was later further study other theorists. From the perspective of the media, it explained that if the child is first born, he or she is orderly and likely to become a leader ( Lampi and Nordblom, 2008 ). In addition Lampi and Nordblom, 2008 say that individual who think that the only child, who childhood was always never going to surpassed by any of their brothers or sisters, would be more eager to achieve successful than others as they grow up, while the last born, who go through his or her entire upbringing and could not achieve as much as his or her older siblings, would not have the same equal concerned with the relative position. (Sulloway, 1996) claims that the first borns are more conscientious than later borns at the same time as, later borns are more agreeable and extraverted, while Freese, Powell and Carr Steelman (1999), find that small differences in social attitudes between first borns and later borns. However Saroglou and Fiasse (2003) argue that it is important to recognize between middle- borns and the youngest and not simply treating both groups as later borns. Moreover, Beck, Burnet and Vosper (2006) find it a within family study that first borns score higher on dominance and later borns are more towards sociability. Comparing Alfred Alder Personality Development Theories With Freud ( Fisher et al 2012) The similarity of Alder and Freud is, Alder believed that humans are motivated by a unconscious forces and that these forces create conflict; this conflict provides the motivation for personality formation and change. In contrast to Freud, Adler did not believe that people are primarily driven by sexual and aggressive instincts. In addition, Fisher and the other theorist says that Adlers theory of individual psychology focus on the role of each individual person in their attempts to seek success in relation to their individual experiences in the world. In retrospection, the specific personality qualities of an individual, which lead to individual differences between people, are not fully based on evolution, however, there are many products on the developmental factors. The developmental study of individual differences in personality provides a variety source of data for the researcher and practitioner alike to use in understanding and predicting behavior. Without the study of individual differences, there would be no clear explanation on an analysis or explanation of why people often behave or develop very differently under seemingly equivalent environmental conditions. This essay had show that, different theorist have their own way of explaining on how personality is being developed, such as Freuds psychoanalytic theory, the stage of development, Erikson psychosocial and the 8 stages of personality development and so on. Till recent years, personality development is widely interested by many theorist, which still lead to an endless debate. (1790 words ) Reference Adler, A. (1917). The neurotic constitution: Outline of a comparative individualistic psychology and psychotherapy. New York: Moffat. Alder, A. (1927). Understanding human nature. New York: Greenberg. Beck, E., Burney, K. L., Vosper, J. (2006). Personality and individual differences. Birth-Order Effects On Facets Of Extraversion, 40, 953-959. Brooks, J. (2010). The process of parenting (8th edition) (ISBN 13: 9780073378763; ISBN 10: 0073378763). Cramer, P. (2000). Defense mechanisms in psychology today: Further processes for adaptation. American Psychologist, 55, 637-646. Cramer, P. (1999). Ego functions and ego development: Defense mechanisms and intelligence as predictors of ego level. Journal of Personality, 67, 735-760. Cloninger, C. R. ( 2003 ). Completing the psychobiological architecture of human personality development: Temperament, Character, Coherence. Understanding Human Development: Dialogues With Lifespan Psychology, 159-182. Dunkel C.S., Sefcek J.A. (2009) Eriksonian Lifespan Theory and Life History Theory: An Integration Using the Example of Identity Formation. Review of General Psychology, 13(1), 13-23. Erikson, E. H. (1963). Basic Books. Youth: change and challenge (ISBN 13: 978-0465093519, ISBN 10: 0465093515). Freud, S. (1940/1969). An outline of psychoanalysis. New York: Norton. Fisher, M. (2001). Alfred Adler. Muskingum college department of psychology. Retrieve from http://elvers.us/hop/index.asp?m=3a=65key=117 Freese, J., Power, B., Carr Steelman, L. (1999). Rebel without a cause or effect: birth order and social attitudes. American Sociological Review, 64, 207-231. Fisher, H., Freeman, M., Mitchell, L., Reed, S., Upton, A. (2012). Theories of human psychological functioning: a comparison. University of Phoenix. Graziano, G., W. (2003). journal of personality. Personality Development: An Introduction Toward Process Approaches To Long-Term Stability and Change in Persons, 71(6), 893-904 Kail, V. R., Cavanaugh, J.C. ( 2012 ). Essentials of human development. A Life-Span View. Retrieve from http://books.google.com.sg/books?id=nLMF-0JBNekCpg=PA10lpg=PA10dq=erikson+psychosocial+eight+stages+built+on+one+another+2010source=blots=8COktoHu7ssig=dQBORquQiaU7NjrNVRM1EKr8ROMhl=ensa=Xei=YuQLVIniDpK9uATisIKYAgved=0CDcQ6AEwAw#v=onepageq=erikson psychosocial eight stages built on one another 2010f=false Lampi, E., Nordblom, K. (2008). Working papers in economics. Money and Success Sibling And Birth-Order-Effects On Positional Concerns. Retrieve from https://gupea.ub.gu.se/bitstream/2077/9989/1/gunwpe0299.pdf Magnavita, J., J. (2003). handbook of personality disorders. Theory And Practice. Retrieve from http://books.google.com.sg/books?id=jhtvBV3i0rkCpg=PA68lpg=PA68dq=magnavita+presented+an+integrative+relational+model+that+blends+psychodynamic,+cognitive,+and+systems+theorysource=blots=vljW9Y9i87sig=FrjKAExOtY3jCpRATo0BlhNHr28hl=ensa=Xei=C5UCVJCHConY8gXQ2ICwAwved=0CBwQ6AEwAA#v=onepageq=magnavita presented an integrative relational model that blends psychodynamic, cognitive, and systems theoryf=false McAdams, D.P., Olson, B.D. ( 2010). annu rev psychol. Personality Development Continuity And Change Over The Life Course, 61, 517-42. Palencik, J. (2011). Noncognitive affect: a study of mind and emotion. Proquest Dissertations and theses, Retrieve from http://ezproxy.utas.edu.au/login?url=http://search.proquest.com/docview/854341352?account id=14245 Smith, I. (2000/2007/2010). Freud complete works. Retrieve from http://www.valas.fr/IMG/pdf/Freud_Complete_Works.pdf Sulloway, Frank J. (1996). Born to rebel: birth order, family dynamics, and creative lives. New York: Pantheon. Retrieve from http://www.sulloway.org/Holcomb.pdf Saroglous, V., Fiasse, L. (2003). Birth order, personality, and religion: A study among young adults from a three-sibling family. Personality and Individual Differences, 35, 19-29

Collaborating to Expand the Pipeline Essay

                  Affirmative action is a policy that is aimed at providing positive measures to remedy effects of past discrimination against members of certain groups (Clayton & Crosby 1992, p.2). One of the areas that suffer underrepresentation of the diverse, underrepresented individuals and minority group in colleges is the laws schools and subsequently in the legal profession. The questioned posed is â€Å"Is affirmative action the best solution to alleviating this crisis or is it the major cause together with other practices that have contributed to these underrepresentation?                     First of all is the admission procedure. Admission selection considers those with a bachelor’s degree for an accredited university or college. Few underrepresented minority students are able to attend college and obtain the relevant qualifications. Moreover, there are disparities in number of applicants and the number who get enrolled. For example in 2000, 74500 individuals submitted their application to ABA- approved school and an estimate of 67% of the total were admitted (ABA/ LSAC Pre-Conference Report, 2005, p, 4). This illustrates a flaw in the acceptance procedure that focus on higher merit in which its well document trend that underrepresented minorities score less on the Law Schools Admission Test (LSAT).                   Secondly the individual state bar exams are a severe impediment. â€Å"While the LSAT remains a reliable predictor of success in law school and the Law School Admission Council (makers of the LSAT), warn against over-reliance on numerical qualifiers alone† (ABA/ LSAC Pre-Conference Report, 2005, p, 5). Raised cut off points detriment the minorities who are disproportionately at the bottom in addition the bars are also misapplied. The percentage of residents in a state should have a proportionate percentage at the law school. The lack of a national bar does also contribute to this issue.                      The above two examples illustrate why affirmative action is needed in leveling admissions. Higher merit and higher cut off points are serving to lock out minority groups from accessing law education. In coming up with a criteria for selection, the selection board should put into consideration performance of minority groups which is at the lower end of the spectrum.                   Terry Eastland suggests that affirmative action promotes discrimination. He argues that there is nothing like positive or negative discrimination. In Higher education for example, when the institution sets a lower grade for color students, the act in itself creates discrimination. These groups of students who will be enrolled under affirmative action are well aware that they are in that position due to their race. It is a negative experience that is not easy to erase. Sometimes attitudes from the majority students will affect the students from the minority. The majority students may not look at the minority as equals.                   Affirmative action leads to stigma. Eastland says that very few people are aware of the abilities and potential of the marginalized groups. In this case they are likely to be less respected and less valued. This can end up psychologically affecting these groups and it can be worsened if they fail to perform. Terry end believes that an environment should an equal working basis. If students have to be enrolled for higher education, it should be based on merit and not race. This will create an equal working environment of mutual relationship.                  Furthermore, Eastland equates ‘Affirmative action’ to ‘lower standards’. The rationale of having a policy that sets asides positions after a normal criterion creates a barrier between quality and less quality. By having this policy, institutions are accepting that results posted from minority groups are of lesser quality and lesser magnitude to that from the majority. Policy makers argue that the minority are affected by certain factors that make them not to equal results of the majority. It then beats logic that it would be easier resolving factors that make minority perform lesser than providing a criterion that guarantee certain results.                  Terry Eastland comments and views in regard to affirmative action tend to disapprove use of affirmative action against underrepresentation based on color. His views do not factor underrepresentation due to gender. However the logic behind his reasons and those of other scholars can equally be equated to affirmative action on gender and sex segregation                  Gender affirmative actions have shown to improve the status of women in the society. In fact advocates for gender affirmative actions have sprung from various women activists and organizations. Women have gained access to representations in legislative organs, various courses in colleges that stereotypically were set for men. However it is urged that continuous paying attention to a group of people will result in then differences becoming more salient than the commonalities among people (Clayton & Crosby 1992, p.11). This statement thus emphasizes Terry Eastland’s arguments against affirmative action.                To conclude, the benefits of affirmative action are actually visible. Moving forward however, the fundamental principles of affirmative action seem to have been overtaken with time. Putting into consideration Terry Eastland arguments in regard to affirmative action, the negatives of affirmative action outweigh the positives. Affirmative action has led to lower productivity, increased segregation and stigmatization. The call to end affirmative actions thus is justified. References Clayton, Susan D, and Faye J. Crosby. Justice, Gender, and Affirmative Action. Ann Arbor, Mich: Univ. of Michigan Press, 1992. Print. Law Schools Admission Council. Pre Conference Report (2005) Collaborating to Expand the Pipeline. Retrieved from http://www.americanbar.org/content/dam/aba/migrated/op/pipelineconf/PipelinePostReport.authcheckdam.pdf Source document

Yepi game

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Essay about In Vitro Fertilization No Refernce

Essay about In Vitro Fertilization No Refernce Essay about In Vitro Fertilization No Refernce For the majority of couples, in vitro fertilization (IVF) represents the final hope for pregnancy after the countless times of failing to conceive. The IVF process is demanding, occurs in an unfamiliar environment, cost about thousand of dollars, and has no guarantee of a successful outcome. However, these couples choose this option in hope of having a baby. Most couples find a way to cope with the stresses of the IVF procedure, and all couples are aware of the pressures which it places upon them. Most women who are unable to conceive naturally resort to IVF as a last option despite the multiple medications, high cost, and significant odds needed to make pregnancy even remotely possible. IVF is a fertility treatment that helps couples who need assistance in conceiving naturally. This process is vital to infertile couples because it gives them another chance of conceiving a child. Couples who do qualify for IVF usually tried other methods before they looked into IVF process. IVF has six major steps for the process of fertilization: monitoring the ripening of the eggs in the woman’s ovaries, collecting the eggs, collecting sperm, incubation of the egg and sperm in the laboratory, transferring the embryo to the uterus, and waiting for either a positive pregnancy result or menstruation. More than tens of thousands healthy children are born through IVF. The number one aim for IVF has been to mimic nature as best as possible using artificial insemination. It’s really important for anyone considering IVF to understand to process along with any limitations. Women who want to start the IVF route need to start a daily injection dose of hormonal medication know as Gonadotropins to promote maturation of ovarian follicles containing the eggs. Women are taught how to administer the injections at home on the first day they are prescribed the medication injection. Later on their blood is tested to measure hormone levels. The main goal is to stimulate the production of multiple follicles but these numbers can vary widely. Some women can produce 20 or more pre cycle while others could possibly only produce two or three. When the follicles have matured the women then administers an injection of human chorionic gonadotrophin, hCG. This is an important medication that has to be taken at the time the women is instructed to do so or the procedure will not successfully take place. After the administration of Hcg, the egg is then retrieved 34-36 hours later. This is where the doctor inserts a long needle through the vagina to remove fluids that contain the mature eggs. This part takes about 20-30 minutes, usually performed as an outpatient procedure and does not require any general anesthesia. Once the eggs has been examined and fertilized by the sperm it is observed for five days before it is then transferred as an embryo to the uterus. After the embryo has been transferred the women is now given the hormone progesterone. This can be given as an injection or through a vaginal suppository. This drug is given to the woman for two weeks and if the implantation is successful a pregnancy test will result in a positive. IVF in the United States can cost for one cycle approximately $10,000 to $15,000. Since many insurance policies don’t cover any type of fertility therapies it is best that couples wanting to do this procedure to check with their insurance companies on what is covered. Currently there are 14 states that require insurers to cover diagnose and some treatments, but even then some policies vary with in the state. If the insurance policy doesn’t cover the treatment the couples alternatively end up paying 100% of the cost up

Essay on International Trade Performance of Australia Essay Example

Essay on International Trade Performance of Australia Essay Example Essay on International Trade Performance of Australia Essay Essay on International Trade Performance of Australia Essay Australian Trading Partners This Essay has been prepared to understand the International Trade Performance of Australia. The aim of this essay is making a clear picture of Australia’s contribution in the International market place discussing Australia’s trade policy, Exports and import magnitudes of Australia, the major Trading Partners of Australia in the international trade, their Annual Trade Balance indicating the reasons behind it and future movement of Australia’s international trade. Australias Trade policy aims to create jobs by increasing the sustainable rate of economic growth. Its central task is to secure the best possible conditions and opportunities, especially better market access, for Australian firms and industries trading and investing overseas. The challenges of globalization the increased opportunities overseas and the increased competition from overseas have made our foreign trade and investment efforts central to the well-being of all Australians. Responding to the challenges, Australians are increasingly to be found doing business overseas and in more diverse places and products than ever before [Trade Outcomes and Objectives Statement 1997, p- 1 – on line]. Australian trade policy progressed with some Australian Governments targeted trade policy objectives like as- a. To raise continually Australias international competitiveness, b. To secure better market access for Australian goods, services and investment overseas, c. To develop markets and promote Australian business and exports overseas, d. To promote Australia as a destination for inward foreign investment (including as a destination for regional corporate headquarters), e. To develop markets and promote Australian business and exports overseas. [Trade Outcomes and Objectives Statement 1997, p-17-18] Australia is a stable with their skilled workforce with a strong competitive economy. The economic position of Australia has the most outstanding of the world in recent years. A higher growth, low inflation and lower interest rate economy is more vibrant than before. Australia has the open and innovative economies with a strong rowth over the past decade which has become possible because of lower inflation, interest rates and effective and efficient productivity performance [Australia today – on line]. The Australian Government’s trade policy is pragmatic and flexible which emphasizes on the changing circumstances The Australian Government’s intention is changing their trade policy with the changing needs of Australia. [Trade Outcomes and Objectives Statement 1997, p- 1 – on line] The Australian Government has implemented an integrated trade policy with the goal of creating new and more open market for exports. In maintaining the trade policy the Australian Government maintains three key trade avenues namely- Multilateral trade achieved through the World Trade Organization (WTO); Regional trade achieved through Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) and other regional trade links; and Bilateral trade achieved via free trade agreements and individual country sector negotiations on market access. [Australia’s trade policy – on line] The international economic and trade outlook of Australia’s exports and imports is positive since a long period of time. Analyzing the Exports composition of Australia is required for verifying this truth. The graph 4. 4 of Trade Outcomes and Objectives Statement 1997 represents Australia’s direction of exports and investment from 1975 to 1996. A copy of the graph 4. 4 directly taken from Trade Outcomes and Objectives Statement 1997, p-23 attached in the appendix named as Direction of Australia’s exports available- www. dfat. gov. au. The graph shows the international outlook and the expected continuation of strong growth in East Asia [Trade Outcomes and Objectives Statement 1997, p- 23 – on line]. Export is a potent factor for economic growth of any country and the Government of Australia has taken several steps supporting their exporters. The Government is providing them the support they need through some Government departments namely- Austrade, the Export finance Corporation (EFIC) and its other business initiatives. The Australian exporters are provided support also from the Business program administered by other portfolios within the Government namely- Department of Industry, Tourism and Resources and the Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry [Trade 2006, p-23- on line]. The merchandise Exports of Australia for the March quarter 2003 were $27,782m, down $2,993m (9. 7%) from the December quarter 2002, and down $931m (3. 2%) compared with the March quarter 2002. The reason of decreasing in merchandise exports in the quarter was due to the result of a small decrease in average prices received for exports [international Merchandise Trade, Australia, March 2003]. The graph of the above discussion attached in the appendix as graph 1. 1. Since 1994 there has been substantial growth both in the value of Australias total exports 67% rise and in the value of its imports 83% up. Australias exports peaked in 2001 at $154. 8b and have declined in each of the past two years reaching $140. 5b in 2003[International Trade in Goods and Services, Australia, Mar 2004]. The graph attached in the appendix 1. 2. Lets analyses the composition of Australia’s exports of the recent year 2005. The chart indicates a clear view of Australia’s export composition of 2005. In 2005 Australia’s exports was strongest to the Asian markets. The East Asian market performed very strongly with the higher value of goods and services by 25 per cent [Trade 2006,p-16]. The copy of the chart named as Composition of Australia’s exports 2005 directly taken from Trade 2006, p-16 attached in the appendix available www. dfat. gov. au. Australia’s main export market is China where goods and services were rose by 40% in 2005, export to Taiwan was up 32% and to Japan rose by 24%. But Australia’s export in USA fell by 0. 8%. This slight fall did not affect the economy of Australia cause a number of export sector were benefited from the first year due to the implementation of the Free trade Agreement (AUSFTA) between these two countries [Trade 2006, p-17-18]. According to the Australian Bureau of Statistics the trend of goods and services credits rose $69m between December 2006 and January 2007 to $17,967m. In seasonally adjusted terms, goods and services credits rose $346m (2%) to $18,119m. Non-rural goods rose $378m (3%) while other goods fell $47m (5%) and rural goods fell $28m (1%). Services credits rose $44m (1%) [International Trade in Goods and Services, Australia, Jan 2007 – on line]. A graph of this statistics attached in appendix as 1. 3. Merchandise Imports for the March quarter 2003 were $31,873m which is down $3,781m (10. 6%) from the December quarter 2002, but up $3,300m (11. 5%) compared with the March quarter 2002. The reason of decreasing in merchandise imports in the quarter was due to decreasing in average prices paid for imports. The Import Price Index fell 1. 9% in the March quarter 2003. The main contributors to the price decreases were computers, telecommunications equipment, electrical machinery and road vehicles [international Merchandise Trade, Australia, Mar 2003]. A graph attached in the appendix as 1. 4. The import trend of 2007 on goods and services rose $105m which is 1% between December 2006 and Jan 2007 to $19,160m. The imports of consumption goods rose $32m 1% to $4,678. The reason of such scenario was importing of consumption goods, non industrial transport equipment goods and household electronics items [International Trade in Goods and Services, Australia, Jan 2007]. A graph attached in the appendix as 1. 5. In International trade Australia has captured vast position in the world market. This section of this essay will discuss the key Markets (trade partners) of Australia for the international trade with their prospects and difficulties in the market place. Australia’s trade market includes China, India, Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia, Korea, Taiwan, Thailand and USA. China is Australias fifth largest trading partner with merchandise exports of almost $3. 8 billion in1995-96. Between 1994-95 and1995-96 Australia’s merchandise exports to China grew by over 27per cent. Over three-quarters of Australian merchandise exports to China are primary products are principally wool, wheat, sugar, barley, cotton, iron ore, alumina and coal [Trade Outcomes and Objectives Statement 1997, p-65 on line]. India is Australias 19th largest trading partner and our 15th largest market for merchandise exports. Exports grew by 21 per cent in 1995-96, (compared with 1994-95), and were valued at $1. 2 billion. Coal is Australias principal export commodity to India, valued at $657 million in 1995-96 and India is Australia’s third largest coal market [Trade Outcomes and Objectives Statement 1997, p-75 on line]. Japan is Australia’s biggest trading partner with merchandise exports of $16. 4 billion in 1995-96 which is 21. 6 per cent of Australias total merchandise exports. The exported products includes coal, beef, iron, LNG aluminum, crude petroleum, animal feeds, and the main products are of wools, sugar and wheat [Trade Outcomes and Objectives Statement 1997, p-91on line]. The United States is Australia’s second-largest trading partner and fourth largest destination for merchandise exports ($4. 6 billion in 1995-96). The USA is the main source of foreign direct investment in Australia on manufacturing. The USA is the also main place for Australian investment especially on finance and insurance sector [Trade Outcomes and Objectives Statement 1997, p-133 -on line]. The main section of this essay is understanding Australia’s trade performance that can be analyzed from Australia’s Annual trade balance performance in terms of import and export from 2001 to 2006 with their trading partners. In the 2006, second quarter June, shows that there was a deficit of $154. 2 m which is an increase of 10. 3% from the preceding quarter of the Australia’s merchandise trade balance. This position is a drop of $41. 3, 21% from the corresponding quarter a year ago. On the other hand, the year ended June 2006 indicates the highest annual trade deficit $ 612 million which is more than double the average annual deficit for the last 4 years ended June [International Merchandise trade 2006, p- 1]. The copy of the graph named as Trade Balance: 2002-2006 directly taken from International Trade Merchandise attached in the appendix, available www. spc. int/prism/country/sb/stats/Economic/Trade/1. During this period imports decreased by $1. 7m which is down 0. % to $382. But the exports rose by $39. 7m which is 21% up to $228. 5m for the same period [International Merchandise trade 2006, p- 1]. Now let’s focus on annual trade balance 2006 of Australia with its major trading partners. Merchandise trade balance by major trading partners continue to record relatively higher deficits with Australia, Singapore, Papua New Guinea and New Zealand whilst China, Japan and South Korea continue to show relatively strong trade surpluses when ranked with other major trading partners [International Merchandise trade 2006, p- 2]. The copy of the graph named as Trade balance of selected trading partners: June Qtr 2006 directly taken from International Trade Merchandise attached in the appendix, available- www. spc. int/prism/country/sb/stats/Economic/Trade/1. The graph shows the deficit with Australia increased by $43. 7m up 49. 3% to $132. 4m [International Merchandise trade 2006, p- 2]. In 2005 Australia’s exports reached the highest record of $176. 7bl. It is contributed by top 20 goods and services including coal, iron ore, natural gas and wine [Trade 2006, p-11]. The Annual trend of 1948 to 2001 from Jackson and Mclver 2005, p-62 represents a clear picture of Australia’s international trade performance in terms of their import and export with the performance of GDP and. In 1948-49 it is notables that Australia’s export was highest with GDP 30. 0 and this figure is highest till 2001. The imports were much higher in the same period with 30. 0 up. But after the following years Australia’s export performance is not as good as it has been discussed in the upper section of this essay. Gradually their export performance has increased from 2003 discussed before. The graph in the next (Jackson Mclver 2005, p- 62) page indicates Australia’s import and export scenario from 1948 to 2001. The import had a higher trend comparing to Australia’s export from 1948 to 2001. After the Annual Trade balance the next section comes the reasons of fluctuating their trend. During the period of 1948 to 2001 Australia’s exports performance was not positive for the nation’s economic growth. The import and export was almost same during that time. For the export the reason could be the technological development and international trade laws. After the 1st and 2nd world war trade policies of different countries have changed with a positive attitude for the international trade. On the other hand with the technological advancement Australian products becoming demanding in the Asian market place that enhancing their export performance. Australia had positive year in 2005 and 2006 still their always there are some barriers and difficulties in the international trade. Each trade partners of Australia causes individual reason as a trade barrier. Like the China imposes high tariffs on some products, quarantine requirements, domestic and export subsidies, industry development plan, state pricing arrangements. That’s why Australia and china have developed a range of bilateral and other policies which will eliminate these issues [Trade Outcomes and Objectives Statement 1997, p-67-on line]. High tariffs are a common barrier for all times fluctuating Australia’s international trade specially exporting goods and services. Some of their trading partners still have retained high tariffs in certain sectors. Australia is running sound trade surpluses with its trading partners in East Asia but Australian exporters still face high tariffs in these market in particular sectors of interest to Australia [Trade Outcomes and Objectives Statement 1997, p-55-on line]. In future Australia is expecting a strong world economy for the exporters. Economic growth is expected to remain strong in many of Australia’s major and emerging trading partners including China, India and USA and a modest growth is expected with Japan and Europe [Trade 2006, p- 19]. Australia has forecasted that electronics commerce is becoming the third force for a more open world economy and hence the Australian Government is working to maximize the benefits of electronic commerce in international forums like APEC and the WTO [Speech from the Australian Trade Minister–on line]. Australia is one of the world’s service oriented economy will dominate the China’s market with Australia’s property and business service, communications, finance and insurance, transport and education. Australia’s largest company’s finding it easier to operate their business in China. The core point is Australia is strongest with their commodities and services where China is weakest. Australia’s exports will go up in the coming decades [China in Australias Future– on line] The Government of Australia helping the exporters with a view to performing excellent performance in the international trade market. International trade law and other issues may hamper Australia’s international trade performance still it is common scenario for all trade partners of the world. The cooperation between trade partners only can resolve the critical issues which may be barriers to the trade. Bibliography Australia today [on line], available: www. dfat. gov. au/trade/ (Accessed 10th April 2007) Australia’s Trade policy [on line], available: www. mla. com. au (Accessed 10th April 2007 China in Australias Future [on line], available : ceda. com. au/public/publications/growth/growth_55. html (Accessed 11th April 2007 International Merchandise Trade, Australia, Mar 2003 [on line], available: www. abs. gov. au (Accessed 11th April 2007) International Trade in Goods and Services, Australia, Mar 2004 [on line], available: www. abs. gov. au (Accessed 11th April 2007) International Merchandise trade 2006 [on line], available: www. spc. int/prism/country/sb/stats/Economic/Trade (Accessed 12th April 2007) Jackson, John and Mclver, Ron 2005, Microeconomics 7th edition, McGraw-Hill, Sydney Speech from the Australian Trade Minister [on line], available: www. dfat. gov. au/media/speeches/trade] (Accessed 15th April 2007) Trade Outcomes and Objectives Statement 1997 [on line], Available: www. dfat. gov. au/trade/ (Accessed 15th April 2007) Trade 2006 [on line], available: www. dfat. gov. au/trade/ (Accessed 15th April, 2007)